ap human geo unit 2: migration

types of human movement (3 types)

cyclic, periodic, migratory

cyclic

move for short periods of time (leave and comeback)

eg; seasonal movement, commuting, nomadism

periodic

longer periods of time

eg; migrant labor, college, military, transhumance

migratory

permanent move; can be international or internal

transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock (form of nomadism)

types of migration (2 types)

forced and voluntary

great migration

south to north now a countermigration. african americans in 1900s move from south to north

distance decay

more distance between places=less interaction

less distance=more interaction

characteristics of refugee

carry very little, walk/boat/slow means of travel, usually no documentation

brain drain

the young and well educated move, so those places lose their most educated

asylum seeker

someone who seeks status of refugee

gravity model

predicts interaction between 2 places using popoulation and distance

higher # higher interaction

eg of use; airline companies see what cities have most connection, make more routes connected to those cities

migration selectivity

biggest role in determining if a person were to migrate

1. ages 18-25

2. educated

ravensteins laws of migration

1. every migration has return or counter migration

2. most migrants move short distance

3. longer distance migrants tend to move big cities

4. urban residents less migratory than rural

5. families are less likely to move internationally than young adults

economic push +pull factors

taxes, standard of living, jobs

political push +pull factors

government policies, war, representation in gov, dictatorship

social push+pull factors

family/friends, morals/values, cultural connection

environmental push +pull factors

climate, pollution, access to resources

step migration

a series of shorter less extreme migrations from a persons place of origin to a final destination

intervening obstacle

get in the way of “final place”

intervening opportunity

pull factor at one step that encourages migrants to settle

chain migration

series of migrations within family or defined group of people

pioneer migrant

1st person/group to move

kinship links

family follows

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods where many people of same ethnicity live

eg; chinatown

syria refugee crisis

arab springs in tunisia influenced syria to protest against gov and find new leader. lead to civil war whihc led to poverty and hunger

afghanistan refugee crisis

withdrawl of US troops that were placed there after 9/11 to fight against terrorism led to terrorists taking control again

venezuela refugee crisis

economic collapse and political opposition towards government

pros of accepting immigrants

economy: fill jobs, more consumers, increase in development/infrastructure because the UNHCR will help out

cultural: bring culture, bring knowledge and skills, sympathy for refugees; want to help

refugee

person who flees home country because fear of persecution

internally displaced person

person who flees home but still in the same country; still stuck in the problem

cons of accepting immigrants (strains on economy)

• infrastructure

• services

• lower wages

• inflation

• services given to immigrants rather than people already there

cons of accepting immigrants (environmental)

• carry capacity

• resources scarce; compete w/ locals for what’s left

migration streams

large amount of people moving from one place to other. eg; great migration

every migration stream has a counter (move in opposite direction)

global migration

1500-1950, majorly influencedy by:

• exploration

• colonization

• atlantic slave trade

regional migration

migrants go to neighboring countries:

• short-term economic opportunities

• reconnect with cultural groups across border

• flee political conflict/war