Structure and Bonding Recall

Rules of quantum numbers

Radial node

N-l-1

Angular node

l

Energy levels of hydrogen

e=-Rh/n² (gives discrete quantised energy levels). for H2 energy of ground state proportional to -1/n²

7 electron vespr name

pentagonal bibyrimidal

Valence bond theory

bond formed by the overlap of two wavefunctions which are singly occupied e- placed in directional orbitals.

Hybridization

tool used when valence bond theory fails. s and p orbitals are mixed to create new orbitals. helps create lower energy states with more directional orbitals which result in better overlap.

Constructive overlap

bonding orbitals sigma g and pi u

Destructive overlap

antibonding orbitals sigma u and pi g

MO or N and and to the left

There is s and p orbital mixing (as there is a low energy difference) and the sigma bond is higher energy than the pi bond

MO for right of N e.g. O2 F2

pi higher energy than sigma and pi* lower energy than sigma*