Pathophysiology for RMT II - Vocabulary Flashcards

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering key musculoskeletal pathologies, terms, and concepts from the lecture notes.

Muscular Dystrophy

Degeneration and wasting of skeletal muscle tissue due to genetic mutations affecting dystrophin; includes Duchenne and Becker forms.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

X-linked disorder; affects boys; diagnosed around age 3–5; progressive proximal weakness; wheelchair-bound by about age 12.

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

Milder form of muscular dystrophy; later onset; can affect both sexes in some descriptions; slower progression.

Pseudohypertrophy

Replacement of muscle with fat and connective tissue, making muscles appear large but weak.

Waddling Gait

Characteristic gait from proximal (hip/thigh) muscle weakness, often seen in muscular dystrophy.

Contractures

Permanent shortening of a muscle or tendon, limiting joint movement.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD)

Femoral head osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis) in children; idiopathic; leads to necrosis and deformation with pain and limp.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Microfracture at the tibial tubercle where the patellar tendon inserts; overuse during growth spurts; knee pain and swelling.

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine; etiologies include idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular; rib hump and back pain may occur.

Osteoporosis

Reduction of bone mass leading to fragile bones and fractures; common in postmenopausal women and aging; risk factors include aging and endocrine factors.

Osteomalacia

Inadequate mineralization of osteoid; vitamin D deficiency or calcium/phosphate issues; bone pain and fractures.

Rickets

Failure of cartilaginous growth plates to calcify in children; vitamin D deficiency or mineral deficiencies; bowing of legs.

Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)

Excessive bone turnover with disorganized bone formation; risk of bone pain, fractures, nerve issues, and sometimes osteogenic sarcoma.

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Stiffness and pain due to capsular inflammation and thickening of the glenohumeral joint; progresses through freezing, frozen, and thawing stages.

Baker’s Cyst

Synovial cyst behind the knee; often associated with OA or other joint issues; may cause swelling or rupture leading to complications.

Lyme Disease

Bacterial infection (Borrelia burgdorferi) from tick bites; stages include rash, flu-like symptoms, cardial/neural involvement; can cause migratory arthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Wear and tear of articular cartilage in weight-bearing joints; aging, obesity, injury; joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, and limited ROM.

Patellofemoral Syndrome / Chondromalacia Patella

Irritation of patellar cartilage often due to overuse and malalignment; knee pain, crackling, and patellar tracking issues.

Spondylolisthesis

Slippage of one vertebra over another due to degeneration or defects (pars interarticularis); back pain and possible radiculopathy.

Spondylosis

Degenerative arthritis of the spine; ligamentous laxity and osteophyte formation; spinal stenosis and nerve involvement.

Spondylolysis

Stress fracture of the pars interarticularis; may lead to spondylolisthesis; commonly in athletes.

Pars Interarticularis

Region between the superior and inferior articular processes of a vertebra; common site of stress injuries in spondylolysis.

Blount’s Disease (Tibia Vara)

Growth disturbance of the tibia causing varus deformity (bow-legged) in children.

Pes Planus (Flat Foot)

Flatfoot deformity with diminished arches; can contribute to musculoskeletal issues.

Genu Varus / Genu Valgum

Knee alignment terms: varus = bow-legged; valgum = knock-knee; Blount’s disease related to tibial varus.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

Displacement of the femoral head through the growth plate in adolescents; common in obesity; hip/groin pain and limp.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Genetic defect in type I collagen; brittle bones with frequent fractures and growth abnormalities.

Dysplasia (Congenital Dislocation of the Hip)

Hip joint dysplasia due to hereditary factors such as ligament laxity; may present as congenital dislocation.

Polydactyly

Extra toes or fingers beyond the normal count.

Syndactyly

Webbing or fusion of toes or fingers; may involve missing bone elements.

Clubfoot (Talipes)

Foot deformity where the foot is twisted out of normal position; often treated in infancy.

Osteochondrosis

Growth-ossification dysfunction; disturbance of bone and cartilage development.