Exam #2: Water, Lipids, Bioenergetics, Nitrogen

Pentoses include all of the following except:

Mannose (hexose)

________ is an important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism but do not occur in nature

Trioses

The gross ATP production during glycolysis phase of glucose metabolism is:

Four

Raffinose is an example of trisaccharides. What correctly describes the products of complete digestion of raffinose?

1-Glucose + 1 Fructose + 1 Galactose units

The main carbohydrate (quantitatively) in the feedstuffs that is given to livestock is in the form of:

Polysaccharides. Feeds such as grains and hay are rich in starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose (all polysaccharides)

Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin are all examples of what?

These are all examples of polysaccharides

What is starch?

A polysaccharides used for energy storage in plants

What is glycogen?

A polysaccharides used for energy storage in animals

What is Dextrin?

A group of small, water-soluble polysaccharides made from he breakdown of starch

Inulin, the carbohydrate that is found in onions and garlic, is a polymer of:

Fructose units

You were asked to formulate a diet for a piglet, which form of the monosaccharides would you include at the highest level in the diet?

Glucose. It is used most efficiently and other monosaccharides require the conversion of fructose and galactose in the liver.

Too much of readily fermentable carbohydrate in the diet of ruminants could lead to:

• Off feed syndrome

• Acidosis

• High lactate production

Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids with what type of backbone?

Glycerol backbone

What type of carbohydrate will not be well digested by nonruminant animals?

Carbohydrate with linear structure in which glucose units are linked together by alpha 1-4 (linear) and beta 1-4 (branch). Beta branches cannot be broken down by nonruminants digestion due to lack of rumen/bacteria

In general, unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids of?

Plant origin

Unsaturated fatty acid has the tendency to become saturated. In the presence of excess levels of hydrogen and oxygen, the preference will be the unsaturated fatty acid to add:

Hydrogen (hydrogenation)

Most of the lipids (triglycerides) in the diets of ruminants are hydrolyzed in the:

Rumen. Rumen microbes hydrolyze triglycerides into: free fatty acids and glycerol before absorption

Glycogen is closely more related to ________ in terms of structure (sugar units and glycosidic bond)

Amylopectin

Aracidonic acid, an essential fatty acid, could be synthesized from:

Linoleic acid can synthesize aracidonic acid

Compare C:16:0 to C:18:0. Which one has the higher melting point? Why?

C:18:0 is a fully saturated lipid (steric acid). The more saturated a lipid, the higher the melting point.

What is the enzyme malate dehydrogenase involved in during cellular respiration?

Malate dehydrogenase is involved in the TCA cycle and catalyzes malate into oxaloacetate

The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase is involved in what part of cellular respiration and what does it do?

Glycolysis; catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-biphospoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate with ATP formation

What is the enzyme that catalysis the shifting of functional groups from one position to another within the same molecule?

Mutase

Dihydroxyacetone is an ________ in the glycolysis pathway

Intermediate

Metabolizable energy + Urinary energy losses + gaseous energy losses= ?

Gross energy

The sum of the net energy (NEp+NEm) and heat increment energy (HI) will give _________.

Metabolizable energy

What essential nutrient generates the largest amount of water post oxidation?

Fat

The concentration of urea in the urine of the temperate animal compared to their desert counterpart will be _________.

Lower. (Desert animals minimize water loss by excreting as little of urea as possible)

The water (or fluid) in the body of an animal is located in two distinct compartments. These compartment are:

Extracellular and Intracellular

The moisture contents of feces from cattle is relatively ______ than that of swine.

Higher

In mammals, urea is the excretory product of __________.

Protein metabolism

Water that is lost through the skin (other than sweating) via diffusion is known as?

Insensible water loss

When a living cell is dropped into a solution that is hypertonic (relative to the contents of the cell), what happens?

The cell decreases in size (shrinks) by losing fluid to the surrounding solution

In general, the total number of minerals found in the body of an animals is what?

About 19

The following are components of blood except:

Carbohydrates

What is the fundamental difference between feces and excreta?

Excreta contains uric acid

Metabolic or oxidation of water is another water source for livestock. What is true about metabolic water?

Potential number of oxidation depends on the number of hydrogen atoms and the completeness of the oxidation process

Water that is found within the body of an animal comes from all of the following except:

Sweat water

Urine from tropical animals (found in wild) is ________ in urea (or uric acid) compared to their counterparts found in the temperate region of the world.

Higher

After absorption from the small intestine, glucose are transported directly to which organ?

The liver

The highest level of uric acid is found in the blood of this animal

Chicken

If cells are in a hypertonic medium, will cells lose or gain water?

Cells will lose water (shrink)

Hich of the following animal’s feces has the lowest moisture content?

Sheep

Insensible water is the moisture that is lost through:

Diffusion through the skin

One of the following is a labile source of high energy phosphate in the muscle?

Phosphocreatine (acts as an immediate energy reserve for ATP resynthesis in muscles)

A cow was found to be anemic despite that the iron level in its diet and circulating iron in its blood at an adequate level. After laboratory analysis, it was found that most of the red blood cells were microcytic and immature. Which mineral deficiency would you attribute this to?

Copper

By subjecting protein to a slightly high temperature (than typical) for about 10 minutes and leaving them at room temperature for an extended period of time. What process would this protein go through?

Renatured (quality similar to starting material)

When ruminants are allowed to feed on lush pasture during the spring season, the potential for the development of tetany is high. What is this caused by?

Magnesium deficiency (Rapid growth= high K and N. High levels of ammonia in the rumen, negatively impacting mg).

Transamination is the process whereby an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid. Which of the following groups of amino acids may results from this process?

Asparagine, serine, glycine

Amino acids could be categorized as being glycogen in, ketogenic, or both. 2/20 common amino acids are strictly ketogenic. What are these amino acids?

Leucine and lysine

Urea cycle is the process when NH3 is converted to urea before it is finally excreted into the environment. In what organ does this process (urea cycle) take place in?

Ammonia detoxification occurs in the liver

What mineral results in piglets being born without hair on their body?

Copper (copper is needed for keratin cross-linking in hair/wool)

What mineral is not routinely supplemented in swine diets?

Sulfur

Wasting disease, enzootic ataxia, falling disease of cattle, and graying of black hair and wool are classical symptoms of?

Copper deficiency

What 3 minerals are area problems of the world?

Cobalt, copper, selenium

What mineral occupies the center of cyanocobalamin (B12)?

Cobalt

With regards to magnesium, high NH3 level with some urea supplements is good for ____________.

Mg absorption

Which of the following amino acids is not likely to be deficient in a typical diet for swine and poultry?

Alanine

This amino acid is involved in the general metabolic rate in the body of an animal

Tyrosine (precursor for thyroid hormones, controlling metabolism)

Osteoblast plays an important role in what?

The process of bone mineralization

In adult humans, this amino acid is conditionally essential (normally synthesized but needed for growth/stress)

Arginine

How many elements are found in a typical protein?

1. Nitrogen

2. Hydrogen

3. Oxygen

4. Carbon

The amino acids that are liberated from protein hydrolysates are primarily a-amino acids. What does this mean?

Carboxyl and amino groups are attached to the same carbon atom

Pica (depraved appetite) occurs as a result of _________ deficiency.

Phosphorus

Within a few days after a freak accident, a cow was found to be anemic as a result of excessive loss of blood. What correctly describes the nature of the anemia?

Normocytic, normochromic

In terms of relative proportion in bone, out of P, Ca, and Mg, what has the highest to lowest percentage?

Mg<P<Ca

This mineral is not routinely supplemented in