Kantian ethics

Kant

‘Life without reason and morality has no value’

Principle of universalisation

‘your principle of action might safely become a law for the whole world’

ends not means

‘treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means also’

‘intrinsic worth, that is, dignity’

kingdom of ends

‘so, act as if you were through your maxim a law-making member of a kingdom of ends

Schopenhaur

impractical

Hegel

forces humans into ‘internal conflict’ between reason and desire

Constance

e.g. murderer at door with knife

Michael Stocker

e.g. friend visiting you at hospital saying only bc it’s their duty

Aristotle

cultivating virtues

Singer

‘reasonable expectation’ of consequences