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blood and other matter discharged from the uterus at menstruation
menses
menses is
time of menstruation
absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
movement of a mature egg from the ovary and through the fallopian tube
ovulation
during ovulation movement of a mature egg takes which path?
ovary to the fallopian tube
aggregation of ovarian cells that develop to release an oocyte
follicle
female egg that matures into an ovum
oocyte
cells that surround oocyte in the follicle
granulosa cells
granulosa cells release what three hormones
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
outer later of cells in the follicle
theca cells
theca cells release?
androgen
androgen gets converted to?
estrogen
androgen is converted to estrogen by which cells
granulosa
what remains of the follicle after ovulation
corpus luteum
corpus luteum releases what three hormones
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
GnRH is released by the?
hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates the release of?
FSH and LH
FSH and LH is released by
anterior pituitary
FSH works by stimulating the growth and development of follicles to do what?
release oocyte from the ovary
LH stimulates follicular (2)
maturation; ovulation
inhibin is released by
follciluar cells
inhibin inhibits the release of?
FSH
hcg is produced by (2)
embryo; placenta
hcg is produced after?
implantation
median length of the menstrual cycle
28 days
average age of menarche in the US
age 12
average age of menopause in the US
50
three phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular, ovulation, luteal
the cycling of reproductive hormones occurs in which three organs?
hypothalamus; pituitary gland; ovaries
progesterone is a __________________ feedback loop
negative
estrogen is a negative feedback loop at ___________________ levels and positive feedback loop at ____________ levels
low; high
follicular phase days
1-14
luteal phase days
15-28
menstrual phase days
1-5
proliferative phase days
6-14
what happens in the mestrual phase
endometrial shedding
in the proliferative phase what happens
endometrial thickening
secretory phase days
day 15-28
what happens in the secretory phase
endometrium prepares for implantation
the follicular phase is marked by the ___________ day of menses
first
in days 1-4 of the follicular phase these levels rise
FSH
what happens in days 5-7 of the follicular phase
one follicle dominates
in days 5-7 of the follicular phase- what happens
one follicle dominates
in days 5-7 of the follicular phase there is high amounts of what two hormones
estrogen; inhibin
when estrogen and inhibin and increased there is a decrease of ____________ which causes degradation of?
GnRH; other follicles
what three hormones are synthesized by follicles
estradiol; progesterone; androgen
stops menstrual flow and thickens uterine endometrial lining
estradiol
what kind of discharge does estradiol produce
thin watery
when ovulation occurs high estradiol levels cause a?
midcycle LH surge
in ovulation the LH surge causes follicular maturation, rupture, and release of?
oocyte
ovulation occurs how many hours after estradiol peak
24-36h
ovulation occurs how many hours after LH peak
10-16
main hormone in luteal phase
progesterone
important for maintaining the endometrial lining for the implanted embryo
progesterone
progesterone inhibits
GnRH and gonadatropin release
if conception does not occur the corpus luteum ______________________ and progesterone _______________________
degenerates; declines
when progesterone declines what happens?
endometrial shedding
once estrogen and progesterone are low what is stimulated?
FSH
if conception occurs hCG prevents regression of?
corpus luteum
hcg stimulates production of which two hormones?
estrogen; progesterone
fertilization occurs during a __ day window
6
fertilization begins ___ days before ovulation through the day of ovulation
5
most fertile day
day before ovulation
penile condom without STI protection
lamb cecum
you can NOT use oil based lubricant with what two condom types
latex; polyisoprene
vaginal condoms are made of
nitrile
vaginal condoms can be inserted up to ___ hours before intercourse
8
do vaginal condoms have STI protection
yes
what kind of lubricant can be used with vaginal condoms
any
active ingredient in vaginal spermicide
nonoxyl-9
does vaginal spermicide have protection against STI?
no
onset of action of semi solid dosage form of vaginal spermicide
immediate
solid dosage form of vaginal spermicide
10-15 mins
duration of action vaginal spermicide
1 hr
diaphragm, cervical cap and sponge and sti protection?
NONE
diaphragm, cervical cap and sponge- which does NOT need a prescription>
sponge
what hormone provides most of the contraceptive effect
progestin
diaphragm, cervical cap and sponge- how long must you keep in place after sex?
6 hours
progestin inhibits ovulation by?
blocking LH surge
progestin thickens cervical mucus to prevent
sperm penetration
stabilizes the endometrial lining and provides cycle control
estrogen
estrogen suppresses FSH release from the
pituitary gland
same amount of estrogen and progestin for 21 days and placebo for 7 days
monophasic
varying amount of estrogen and progestin (2 different doses)
biphasic
monophasic name
ogestrel
biphasic name
mircette
triphasic name
cyclessa
progestin only medication
micronor
most adverse effects of birth control spontaneously improve by ___ cycle use
3rd
realistic efficacy is based on ____________________ use
typical
fewer hormone free days contain how many active pills? how many placebo?
24-26; 2-4
fewer hormone free day birth control should be used if patient is having side effects from coming off of
hormones
extended cycle bc has how many active pills
84
continuous cycle contains only ___________________ pills; no __________________________
active; placebo
continuous cycle prevents dips in hormones if the patient is having side effects during?
placebo week
no estrogen, no placebo week
POPs
the transdermal patch contains (2)
progestin; estrogen
transdermal patch has a _____ percent exposure to estrogen than oral contraceptions
60
higher estrogen levels have an increased risk of ___________ events
VTE
vaginal ring contains (2)
progestin; estrogen
