anatomy midterm 1.25.24

what are the 11 organ systems?

what are the 11 organ systems?

circulatory/cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, and urinary

*the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system is the same system; it just has 2 different names

name the organ system: transports and pumps blood : heart, blood vessels, blood

circulatory/cardiovascular

name the organ system: detects sensation/the environment and communicates with/activates other parts of the body : brain, spinal cord, nerves

nervous

name the organ system: supports and protects, gives shape and protection, allows movement : bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

skeletal

name the organ system: female: produces eggs, implantation, and development (vigina, ovaries, uterus)

male: production of sperm (testes, penis, prostate)

reproductive

name the organ system: delivers air to lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air and blood : lungs, diaphragm

respiratory

name the organ system: processes and absorbs nutrients, breaks down food to be used in the body, eliminates waste : mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, etc...

digestive

name the organ system: produces and releases hormones, influences metabolism and growth : thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, pancreas

endocrine

name the organ system: protection, prevents water loss, regulates body temperature : skin, hair, nails, etc...

integumentary

name the organ system: protects against infection, collects, flitters, and transports fluid, maintains fluid, absorbs fat : lymph nodes, spleen

lymphatic

name the organ system: permits movement of the body, maintains posture, circulates blood throughout the body, moves the skeleton, generates heat : muscles

muscular

name the organ system: production, storage, eliminates urine, and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance : kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra

urinary

the study of the structure of the body and its parts

anatomy

the study of the function of the body and its parts

physiology

the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism

gross anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism under the microscope

microscopic anatomy

a group of tissues specialized of a particular function

organ

groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

tissues

the study of tissues

histology

muscle that seprates the chest/thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what cavity does the brain sit?

the carnival cavity

toward the head; above

superior (cranial or cephalad)

away from the head; below

inferior (caudal)

close to the point of attachment of a limb

proximal

farther from the point of attachment of a limb

distal

toward the backbone; behind

posterior

toward the front of the body; in front of

anterior

away from the midline; on the outer side of

lateral

toward the midline; on the inner side of

medial

away from the body surface; more internal

deep

toward or at the body surface; external

superficial

imaginary line dividing the body into left and right sides

midline

divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions

frontal

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse

divides the body into left and right sides

sagittal

everything associated with the center of the body (head, neck, trunk) are considered...

axial parts

everything associated with the arms and legs are considered...

appendicular parts

what are the four types of tissues?

nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial

what tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and has the ability to conduct electrical signals

nervous tissue

what tissue enables your skeleton to move, your heart to beat, and your other internal organs to push or fluid along

muscular tissue

what tissue makes up bone, cartilage, the deep layer of the skin, the bindings or connectors around and between organs, the bridge of noses, and the flexible part of ears

connective tissue

what tissue makes up the surface of the skin, inner lining of your respiratory passages, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and finally, glands such as the thyroid gland and liver are made up from this tissue

epithelial tissue

what are the seven levels or organization?

(1) whole organism, (2) organ systems, (3) organs, (4) tissues, (5) cells, (6) organelles, and (7) molecules

what level mades up of the 11 organ system

whole organism

what level consists of groups of organs that work together to perform related functions

organ systems

what is a group of tissues specialized for a particular function

organs

what are groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

tissues

what level is made up of organelles

cells

what are the "little organs" of the cells, made up of molecules

organelles

what level is the complex arrangements of atoms

molecules

a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions

homeostasis

what is the ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are accepted in the body

set point

what factor causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostasis set point (internal/external)

stress

what part of the body, central nervous system or endocrine gland, receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalances

control center

a structure in the body that monitors the values of the body's variables

receptor

a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center

effector

a control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through which homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body's organ systems, its called this because the control system OPPOSES or REVERSES the original stress

negative feedback system

the set point for temperature is

98.6

the set point for blood pressure is

120/80

the set point for heart rate is

60 to 80

the set point for oxygen is

96 to 100%

the set point for blood sugar levels is

96 to 100

what the two organ systems that are responsible for deciding if a variable is moving away from a state of homeostasis?

the central nervous system and the endocrine gland

the central nervous system and the endocrine gland are considered your...

control system

the endocrine system secretes chemical messengers called...

hormones

stress is an imbalance of the _______ or ________ environment that causes one or more __________ to move away from its set point

the internal or external, one or more variables

location and function of epithelial tissue

function: makes up the linings of organs (like the mouth or stomach) and forms glands and the outer layer of the skin.

location examples (just know it lines organs): the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), the lining of the intestines and the lining of the respiratory tract

one layer is called _____ epithelium

simple

several/multiple layers are called _____ epithelium

stratified

what does squamous mean?

square or flattened

what does cuboidal mean?

cube

what does columnar mean?

column

what is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

its changeable; can stretch. found in the bladder, stomach, and uterus

what is pseudostratified epithelium and where is it found?

falsely layered; all cells touch the basement membrane, not the free surface. has goblet cells and cilia. found in the nasal passages (nostrils), air sinuses, and lungs

what are the two surfaces/layers of the epithelial tissue?

free surface and basal surface

what is a free surface?

its opened to its surroundings (on top/top layer)

what is a basal surface?

its the underside of the cell (bottom layer)

these layers are held into the tissue by the...

basement membrane

what does the basement membrane do?

it ‘gules’ the basal surface to the underlying tissue

what are the three types of glands?

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

name the gland: produces sweat and releases it into the surface of the skin

merocrine glands

name the gland: produces body odor, found in the armpit and public regions

apocrine glands

name the gland: also called sebaceous glands or oil glands. secrete the entire epithelial cell and open into a hair follicle

holocrine glands

functions of connective tissue

connects, supports, protects, stores, transports, and insulates

what are the four types of connective tissue?

connective tissue proper (CTP), cartilage, bone, and blood

what are the four types of CTP?

dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and adipose tissue

name the CTP: binds organs together; found in tendons and ligaments

dense regular connective tissue

name the CTP: supports, handles stress, allows movement; found in skin and covers bones

dense irregular connective tissue

name the CTP: light-duty binding, attaches epithelial tissue to the tissue that is underneath it, allows the body to move

loose connective tissue

name the CTP: protects, insulates, and stores energy, such as fat; found beneath skin, around the kidneys, heart, and eyes (fat cells)

adipose tissue

what are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

name the type of cartilage: attaches ribs to sternum, most abundant, collagen fibers in firm rubbery matrix

hyaline cartilage

name the type of cartilage: not much collagen, stretchy like a rubber band, provides flexible support; found on the outer ear and the tip of the nose

elastic cartilage

name the type of cartilage: packed with collagen, provides tough binding and resilient support; found in the joints of the backbone

fibrocartilage

what are exocrine glands

glands that secrete substances outward through a duct; like sweat glands

what are endocrine glands?

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; like the thyroid gland

what is the extracellular matrix?

the chemical substance located between connective tissue cells

what does the ending 'blast' mean?

the immature form of a tissue cell

what does the ending 'cyte' mean?

the mature form of a tissue cell

what is a fibroblast?

the immature form of connective tissue cell found in any three fiber