anatomy midterm 1.25.24
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283 Terms
what are the 11 organ systems?
circulatory/cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, and urinary
*the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system is the same system; it just has 2 different names
name the organ system: transports and pumps blood : heart, blood vessels, blood
circulatory/cardiovascular
name the organ system: detects sensation/the environment and communicates with/activates other parts of the body : brain, spinal cord, nerves
nervous
name the organ system: supports and protects, gives shape and protection, allows movement : bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
skeletal
name the organ system: female: produces eggs, implantation, and development (vigina, ovaries, uterus)
male: production of sperm (testes, penis, prostate)
reproductive
name the organ system: delivers air to lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air and blood : lungs, diaphragm
respiratory
name the organ system: processes and absorbs nutrients, breaks down food to be used in the body, eliminates waste : mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, etc...
digestive
name the organ system: produces and releases hormones, influences metabolism and growth : thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, pancreas
endocrine
name the organ system: protection, prevents water loss, regulates body temperature : skin, hair, nails, etc...
integumentary
name the organ system: protects against infection, collects, flitters, and transports fluid, maintains fluid, absorbs fat : lymph nodes, spleen
lymphatic
name the organ system: permits movement of the body, maintains posture, circulates blood throughout the body, moves the skeleton, generates heat : muscles
muscular
name the organ system: production, storage, eliminates urine, and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance : kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra
urinary
the study of the structure of the body and its parts
anatomy
the study of the function of the body and its parts
physiology
the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism
gross anatomy
the study of the structure of an organism under the microscope
microscopic anatomy
a group of tissues specialized of a particular function
organ
groups of cells forming various building materials of the body
tissues
the study of tissues
histology
muscle that seprates the chest/thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
toward the head; above
superior (cranial or cephalad)
away from the head; below
inferior (caudal)
close to the point of attachment of a limb
proximal
farther from the point of attachment of a limb
distal
toward the backbone; behind
posterior
toward the front of the body; in front of
anterior
away from the midline; on the outer side of
lateral
toward the midline; on the inner side of
medial
away from the body surface; more internal
deep
toward or at the body surface; external
superficial
imaginary line dividing the body into left and right sides
midline
divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions
frontal
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse
divides the body into left and right sides
sagittal
everything associated with the center of the body (head, neck, trunk) are considered...
axial parts
everything associated with the arms and legs are considered...
appendicular parts
what tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and has the ability to conduct electrical signals
nervous tissue
what tissue enables your skeleton to move, your heart to beat, and your other internal organs to push or fluid along
muscular tissue
what tissue makes up bone, cartilage, the deep layer of the skin, the bindings or connectors around and between organs, the bridge of noses, and the flexible part of ears
connective tissue
what tissue makes up the surface of the skin, inner lining of your respiratory passages, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and finally, glands such as the thyroid gland and liver are made up from this tissue
epithelial tissue
what level mades up of the 11 organ system
whole organism
what level consists of groups of organs that work together to perform related functions
organ systems
what is a group of tissues specialized for a particular function
organs
what are groups of cells forming various building materials of the body
tissues
what level is made up of organelles
cells
what are the "little organs" of the cells, made up of molecules
organelles
what level is the complex arrangements of atoms
molecules
a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions
homeostasis
what is the ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are accepted in the body
set point
what factor causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostasis set point (internal/external)
stress
what part of the body, central nervous system or endocrine gland, receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalances
control center
a structure in the body that monitors the values of the body's variables
receptor
a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center
effector
a control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through which homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body's organ systems, its called this because the control system OPPOSES or REVERSES the original stress
negative feedback system
stress is an imbalance of the _______ or ________ environment that causes one or more __________ to move away from its set point
the internal or external, one or more variables
location and function of epithelial tissue
function: makes up the linings of organs (like the mouth or stomach) and forms glands and the outer layer of the skin.
location examples (just know it lines organs): the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), the lining of the intestines and the lining of the respiratory tract
what is transitional epithelium and where is it found?
its changeable; can stretch. found in the bladder, stomach, and uterus
what does the basement membrane do?
it ‘gules’ the basal surface to the underlying tissue
name the gland: produces sweat and releases it into the surface of the skin
merocrine glands
name the gland: produces body odor, found in the armpit and public regions
apocrine glands
name the gland: also called sebaceous glands or oil glands. secrete the entire epithelial cell and open into a hair follicle
holocrine glands
name the CTP: binds organs together; found in tendons and ligaments
dense regular connective tissue
name the CTP: supports, handles stress, allows movement; found in skin and covers bones
dense irregular connective tissue
name the CTP: light-duty binding, attaches epithelial tissue to the tissue that is underneath it, allows the body to move
loose connective tissue
name the CTP: protects, insulates, and stores energy, such as fat; found beneath skin, around the kidneys, heart, and eyes (fat cells)
adipose tissue
name the type of cartilage: attaches ribs to sternum, most abundant, collagen fibers in firm rubbery matrix
hyaline cartilage
name the type of cartilage: not much collagen, stretchy like a rubber band, provides flexible support; found on the outer ear and the tip of the nose
elastic cartilage
name the type of cartilage: packed with collagen, provides tough binding and resilient support; found in the joints of the backbone
fibrocartilage
what are exocrine glands
glands that secrete substances outward through a duct; like sweat glands
what are endocrine glands?
ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; like the thyroid gland