A&P Chapter 2

elements

All matter is composed of _____

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Atoms made up of ______

stars

All of the elements that contribute to chemical reactions, energy production, electrical activity, and muscle contraction required for life originated in ______

oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)

Most abundant elements:

eating, breathing

All of the elements in the body are derived from _____ and ______

molecules

Elements can bond with one another to form larger _______

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

Common types of chemical bonds in the body:

Ionic Bonds

transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonds

sharing of electrons

Hydrogen Bonds

a hydrogen atom of one molecule bonds with an electronegative atom of another molecule

ion

Any atom that has a positive or negative electrical charge is an _____

cation

Positively charged ion

anion

Negatively charged ion

An ionic bond

an ongoing, close association between ions of opposite charge

dissolve in water

Ionically bound compounds often ______

Covalent bonds

share electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship

covalent bonds are stronger because of the close sharing of pairs of electrons

are covalent bonds or ionic bonds stronger?

chemical energy

Covalent bonds store _____

polar molecule

a molecule that contains regions that have opposite electrical charges

unequally

Polar molecules occur when atoms share electrons ______ and form polar covalent bonds

positive, electronegative, electronegative

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly ______ hydrogen atom already bonded to one
_______ atom (like oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another _______ atom from another molecule

hydrogen, oxygen

In water, hydrogen bonds occur between the weakly positive charge on the _____ atoms and the weakly negative charge on the ______ atoms

weak, dotted line

Hydrogen bonds are ______ compared to other types and are indicated with a ______

Chemical reactions

are processes where chemical bonds are broken or formed

reactants

Molecules entering into a chemical reaction are called ______

products

Molecules resulting from a chemical reaction are called _______

reversible

All chemical reactions are theoretically ______

equilibrium

Chemical _______ is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

energy

Chemical reactions require ______ to occur

kinetic energy

in chemical reactions, reactants must collide with one another in a movement called _______

potential energy

in chemical reactions, when products are formed, the new bonds store ______ that can be released when broken

chemical energy

The potential energy stored in chemical bonds is called ______

chemical, mechanical, radiant, and electrical

The types of energy important for human physiology are:

Chemical energy

stored and released as chemical bonds are formed and broken

Mechanical energy

directly powers physical activity

Radiant energy

emitted as waves such as in sunlight

Electrical energy

the power of moving electrons

Catalysts

increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product

Enzymes

a type of biological catalyst

temperatures, concentrations, particle size, catalyst

The speed of chemical reactions can be increased by: increased ______, higher _______ of reactants, smaller _______, presence of a _______

Biochemistry

the study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

organic, inorganic

All chemicals are either ______ or ______

inorganic compounds

Water, salts, and many acids and bases
Do not contain carbon (usually)

organic compounds

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Contain carbon, are usually large, and are covalently bonded

inorganic

water is an ______ compound

water

Most abundant inorganic compound accounting for 60%–80% of the volume of living human cells

High heat capacity → helps regulate temperature

Polar solvent properties → dissolves substances

Reactivity → participates in chemical reactions

Cushioning → protects organs from physical trauma

properties of water:

Salts

_______ are ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water

electrolytes

Ions are called ______ because they can conduct electrical currents in solution

Acids, bases

______ and ______ also dissociate in water into electrolytes, and can drastically change the properties of solutions in which they are dissolved

Acids

_______ release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, making solutions more acidic

Bases

______ accept H+ in solution (or releases hydroxyl ions OH-), making solutions more alkaline (caustic)

release

accept

Acids ______ H+

Bases ______ H+

relative concentration

The pH of any solution is its ________ of hydrogen ions

neutral, acidic, basic

On a pH scale, 7 is ______, pH is less than 7 is _____, pH is greater than 7 is ______

7.4

1-2

Human blood has a pH of ______
Stomach acid has a pH of ______

homeostasis

Ionic balance is vital for ______

Kidneys

______ play a major role in maintaining proper balance of electrolytes

carbon (Exceptions: CO2 and CO, which are inorganic)

Organic molecules contain ______

inorganic

CO2 and CO are organic or inorganic?

polymers

many organic compounds are ______

dehydration synthesis

organic compounds are synthesized by a type of condensation reaction called _______

removal

in a dehydration synthesis, two molecules are combined by the ______ of a water molecule

hydrolysis reactions

organic compounds are broken down by _______

added

in a hydrolysis reaction, a water molecule is ______ to break a bond of a larger molecule, separating it into two smaller molecules

remove, builds

add, breaks

Dehydration synthesis: ______ water and _____ larger molecules

Hydrolysis: _____ water and _____ larger molecules

individual

chain of

Monomers = _______ building blocks

Polymer = _______ building blocks

monomers

polymers are chains of smaller units called ______

Organic macromolecules (or biomolecules)

________ are large polymers that are essential for life

Carbohydrates, Lipids (Fats), Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

four major types of organic macromolecules:

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) —> CHO

carbohydrates contain the elements:

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

The 3 classes of carbohydrates are:

Monosaccharides

_______ is the monomer (smallest, most basic unit) of carbohydrates

glucose

Monosaccharides includes simple sugars like ______

Disaccharides

______ are formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

double, sucrose, maltose, lactose

Disaccharides are _____ sugars and examples are ______

Polysaccharides

_______ are formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers

monosaccharides

Polysaccharides are polymers of _______

Starch and Glycogen

Polysaccharides include:

Starch

carbohydrate storage form used by plants

Glycogen

carbohydrate storage form used by animals

first/primary

carbohydrates act as the ______ source of energy for humans

Simple sugars (like glucose)

_______ are quickly metabolized through cellular respiration to produce ATP (cellular energy)

Polysaccharides (starch or glycogen)

_______ are larger and take several more hours of processing before they can yield ATP energy

long-term, glycogen

Carbohydrates are used for ______ energy storage and can be converted into ______

quick energy

energy more slowly

stores

Simple sugars → provide _____

Polysaccharides → provide _______

Glycogen → ______ carbohydrate energy

liver and muscles

Glycogen → stores carbohydrate energy in the ______ for later use

glycosylation, glycolipids, glycoproteins

The process of adding carbohydrate groups is ______ and the products are
called “______” and “______”

lipids and proteins

Carbohydrate groups can be attached to _______

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (sometimes) —> CHOP

lipids contain the elements:

insoluble

Lipids are ______ in water

Triglycerides, Cholesterol/Steroids, Prostaglandins, Phospholipids

Main types of lipids in humans:

fats, oils

Triglycerides are called ______ when solid, ______ when liquid

Triglycerides

what lipids main function is long-term energy storage, insulation, and protection

three, glycerol

Triglycerides are composed of ______ fatty acids bonded to a ______ molecule

Saturated fats and Unsaturated fats

Types of Triglycerides:

Unsaturated

_______ = healthier fats

Saturated fatty acids

All carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in a molecule with the maximum number of H atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more carbons are linked via double bonds, resulting in reduced H atoms

solid

saturated fatty acids are _______ at room temperature