Module 4 Mood Disorders

What is a mood disorder

When an individual's emotional state is distressed or impaired

What are mood disorders defined by

A period in which someone has an intensely sad or elevated mood.

How does bipolar disorder differ from a depressive disorder

The presence of a manic or hypomanic episode

What are the mood symptoms of a depressive disorder

Depressed mood for most of the day, every day. And anhedonia, which is the loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities

What are the behavioural symptoms of a depressive disorder

Decreased physical activity and withdrawal from work and home

What are the cognitive symptoms of a depressive disorder

Having a negative personal view, constant self blaming, feeling worthless, and difficulty concentrating

What are the physical symptoms of a depressive episode

hypersomnia or insomnia, loss of appetite, constant fatigue, agitation

What is Major Depressive Disorder

When a patient has at least 5 of the symptoms for depressive disorder for at least 2 weeks and is caused distress by them

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic form of depression where the patient as a depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years (or 1 in children)

What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Depressive symptoms during the menstrual cycle

What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A diagnosis for children up to age 12 which consists of frequent and severe temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation.

What is the duration, severity, and energy during a manic episode

at least one week duration, severe enough to need hospitalization, and a euphoric, irritable mood

What is the duration, severity, and energy during a hypomanic episode

At least 4 days, not severe enough to need hospitalization, and mood which is not too different from a regular mood.

What is Bipolar I Disorder

The presence of at least one manic episode

What is Bipolar II Disorder

A history of at least one one hypomanic AND major depressive disorder. A person with type II must never have had a manic episode, as their diagnosis would change to type I

What is Cyclothymic Disorder

A chronic but less severe version of bipolar disorder. The patient must have experienced hypomanic and depressive symptoms for at least 2 years.

What does MDD most commonly occur with

panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, ptsd, ocd

What does PDD most commonly occur with

anxiety disorders and personality disorders

What does Bipolar I + II most commonly occur with

anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders.

Is there a single cause for mood disorders?

No, the biopsychosocial model is used which combines biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

What does the biological perspective say about mood disorders in regards to genetics

That a genetic component exists as relatives to people with mood disorders are 30% more likely to get a mood disorder

What does the biological perspective say about mood disorders in regards to biochemical factors

low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin cause depressive disorders

What does the biological perspective say about mood disorders in regards to the endocrine system

low cortisol and melatonin can cause mood disorders

What does the biological perspective say about mood disorders in regards to brain anatomy

The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala are affected during a mood disorder

What does the cognitive perspective say about mood disorders, such as learned helplessness

When people learn that they have no control over negative effects in their life, they may stop trying which can lead to a depressive episode

What does the cognitive perspective say about mood disorders, such as Beck's Cognitive Theory

Having maladaptive attitudes (negative views about self and others) can lead to cognitive triads, which also can cause depressive episodes

What does the behavioural perspective say about mood disorders

A reduction of positive rewards and an increase of punishments in someones life can lead to decreased activity which can cause a depressive episode

What does the sociocultural perspective say about mood disorders, such as the family social perspective

Depressive disorders can be had from the unavailability of social support. This is why single and childless people are more likely to have mood disorders

What does the sociocultural perspective say about mood disorders, such as the multi-cultural perspective

certain groups of people may not have access to treatments to help with mood disorders.

What is the artifact theory

that disorder rates between men and women do not exist and the discrepancy comes from clinicians being more likely to diagnose women.

What is hormone theory

fluctuations in hormones trigger depression in women at higher rates than men

What is life stress theory

The idea that chronic stressors predict depression and this is why it is more prevalent in women, as they have to deal with childcare responsibilities

What is gender roles theory

The idea that women are expected to do different things which ma increase their likelihood of getting depression

What is rumination theory

The idea that women are more likely than men to ruminate, meaning that they focus on their depressive symptoms and possible causes.

What do SSRIS do

they increase the amount of serotonin in the synapse

What do tricyclic antidepressants do

Blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephtine

What do MAOIs do

An antidepressant which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

What is Behavioural Activation

A therapy which focuses on the behavioural component of depression. Its purpose is to increase a patients engagement in positive and rewarding activities

What is interpersonal therapy

A therapy which focuses on resolving issues in the following areas - bereavement, role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits

What are mood stabilizers

a medication which treats manic episodes

What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

An approach which combines IPT with strategies in managing day to day routines in order to stabilize mood

What is family focused therapy

it helps families manage conflict with someone who has a mood disorder

Individuals with depression are how much more likely to commit suicide

17 times more likely

Individuals with bipolar are how much more likely to commit suicide

20-30 times more likely

What is anhedonia

The loss of things you used to enjoy