managing files and directories

Create files with content

Echo “content” > file.txt

Create parent directory structure

Mkdir -p

Remove empty directories

Rmdir

Copy entire directories with their contents

Cp -r

Rename a file

Mv

Rename a file without overwriting

Mv -I

List all file names ending in .txt

Ls *.txt

List all names starting with photo

Ls photo*

list all .txt files according to one specific character

ls file?.txt

list .txt files according to a specific range of characters

ls file[a-z].txt

root directory

/

move up two directories

cd ../../

change directory to a path containing spaces

cd “path”

link two files together by the data in it

ln file1 file2

link two files based on name (symbolic links)

ln -s original_file symbolic_file

create an archive

tar -cf

extract an archive

tar -xf

archive with compression

tar -czf

extract compressed archives

tar -xzf

list archive contents without extracting

tar -tzf

individual file compression

gzip

individual file decompression

gunzip

echo “Hello, world!” ? greeting .txt

cat greeting.txt

output: Hello, World!

>

how to add output to an existing file instead of overwriting

>>

piping commands

command1 | command2

count words in a file

cat file.txt | wc -l

search for specific text and count matches

grep “error” log.txt | wc -l

view long output page by page

ls -la | less

discard outputls

ls > /dev/null

save and display output simultaneously

echo “output” | tee log.txt

save and display another output simultaneously without overwriting the original

echo “output2” | tee -a log.txt