Plant Beverages Flashcards

Flashcards about plant beverages.

Beers

Beers made from fermented grains, usually barley.

Lager beers

Bottom-fermenting yeasts (Saccharomyces pastorianus).

Ales, Bitters

Top-fermenting yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Sake

Rice wine made from rice and mold (Aspergillus fungus).

Chicha

Starts with chewed kernels of corn (Native American).

Distilled Whiskey

Mostly made from various yeasted grains then put through a distilling process.

History of Beer

Ca 6000 years ago, Sumerians (from fertile crescent) used much of their grain to make beer; early brewing – linked to bread making.

Barley Malt

Preferred because contains large amounts of enzymes that convert starches to sugars.

Malting

Causing the grain to sprout, then drying it.

Hops

Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae); provides flavor associated with beer, acts as a preservative, adds enzymes to coagulate proteins, and appears to have antibacterial activity.

Adjuncts

Unmalted grains – barley, rice, wheat; corn syrup; potatoes – contain starches that can be converted to sugar.

Water in Beer

pH, mineral content – affect taste.

History of wine

Grape (Vitis vinifera).

Vitis vinifera

Most major red & white wines.

Distilled Alcoholic Beverages

Water boils at 100° C (212 F); Ethanol boils at 78.5° C (173.3 F).

Whiskey

Made from malted barley, or malted barley + other grain; proof = twice concentration of alcohol.

Scotch

Made from barley malt; aged in charred casks IN SCOTLAND.

Bourbon

From Bourbon Co., Kentucky – 51+% corn.

Tennessee sour mash

Bourbon filtered through charcoal.

Rye

51% rye grain.

Gin

Distilled to high percentage of alcohol; flavored with juniper berries.

Vodka

Distilled to high percentage of alcohol; made from malt, grains, and potatoes.

Rum

Distilled from molasses or sugar cane juice.

Tequila & Mescal

Mexico, produced from Agave.

Psychoactive Stimulants

Caffeine and Theobromine

Effects of Caffeine and Theobromine

Central nervous system stimulant and mild diuretic.

Mode of action for Caffeine and Theobromine

Interferes with enzymes, so that adrenaline remains active; blocks adenosine receptors.

Coffee

Coffea arabica and related species (Rubiaceae).

Chocolate

Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae).

Tea

Camellia sinensis (Theaceae).

Caffeine & People

small amounts → no long-term effects have been noted, but even small amounts taken regularly can produce withdrawal if stopped; large amounts → adverse symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia; dose-dependent, so that effects on young, unborn more pronounced.