chem quiz 2

theoretical yield

the amount of product you calculate that you should obtain

actual yield

the actual amount of product you obtain

percent yield

(actual/theoretical) x 100%

aqueous solutions

water is the dissolving medium

solvent

the substance of solution in the greatest amount

solute

substances dissolved in solvent

current

flow of electrically charged particles

electrolyte

a substance that forms ions in a solution

non-electrolyte

a substance that doesnt form ions in a solution

strong electrolytes

fully dissociates into ions

weak electrolytes

only some compounds split into water

neutralization reaction

acid + base forms water and a salt

acid

donates H+, forms H+ ions in water

base

accepts H+ ions, helps form OH- in water

open system

exchanges heat and mass with its surroundings

closed system

only exchanges heat with its surroundings

isolated system

cannot exchange heat or mass with its surroundings

enthalpy

denoted by H. heat flow at constant pressure

endothermic

delta H is positive, system absorbs heat

exothermic

delta H is negative, system releases heat

electromagnetic radiation

carries energy through space in the form of charged particles (photons)

frequency (v)

number of complete wavelengths that pass a given point each second

wavelength

peaks and trophs

3.00 × 10^8 m/s

speed of light [c]

speed of light equation

wavelength * frequency

quanta

smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed

quantum mechanics

combining wave and particle nature of matter

principle quantum number (n)

the energy level the orbital is on. n ≥ 1

angular momentum quantum # (l)

shape of the orbital. l = any whole number ranging from 0 → n-1

magnetic quantum # (m_l)

3D orientation in space. -l ≤ m_l ≤ l

s orbitals

value of l is 0. they are spherical in shape

p orbitals

value of l is 1. 2 lobes with a node between them

d orbitals

value of l is 2. four of the five d orbitals have 4 lobes, the other resembles a p orbital with a donut around the center

degenerate orbitals

orbitals on the same energy level have the same energy

electron spin quantum # (m_s)

electrons can spin clockwise or counterclockwise. m_s can equal +1/2 or -1/2

pauli exclusion principle

no 2 electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers

ground state

the most stable arrangement with the lowest possible energy

hund’s rule

for orbitals with same energy (degenerate), you fill each with an electron before you pair them

cations

in electron configs, remove the e- from the outermost shell

anions

in electron configs, add e- to the outermost shell

isoelectronic

same number of electrons