neuro exam 1

what are neurons

do the heavy lifting w/ electrical and chemical signaling

what are glial cells

supportive role, insulating, metabolic support for neurons

pseudounipolar neurons

sensory neurons

multipolar neurons

motor neurons

3 fundamental activities of neurons

1. receive input

2. integrate the input (action potential)

3. send output to target

what does the input site do

dendrites take in the signal from the neuron

what does integration do

takes the signal in an determines if there needs to be an action potential (axon hillock)

what does the conductor do

acts as an intermediary

first stage of neural signaling

external stimulus

second stage of neural signaling

sensory nerve (PNS)

third stage of neural signaling

spinal cord (CNS)

fourth stage of neural signaling

motor nerve (PNS)

chemical signaling

chemical synapses via neurotransmitters (INTERcellular)

intercellular

happening across the synapse

repolarization

voltage drops dramatically so that the charge is more different than the outside

hyperpolarization

charge drops to the point where it is the least like the outside —> goes below the baseline

depolarization

charge becomes positive, more like the outside

re/hyperpolarization

charge becomes more negative, less like the outside

what hanges voltage

ions

where is myelin located

white matter (axons)

nodes

spaces between myelin

neuromodulation

modulating the excitability of neural populations in the brain to alter activity and behavior

first component of synaptic transmission

presynaptic terminal/bouton

second component of synaptic transmission

synaptic cleft between neurons

third component of synaptic transmission

post synaptic cell with receptors receive signal

fourth component of synaptic transmission

neurotransmitter (what gets sent across the synapse)

two phases of synaptic transmission

transmission and reception

transmission

the presynaptic terminal is prepared due to an action potential and releases a neurotransmitter

reception

a neurotransmitter binds with postsynaptic receptors, initiating de/hyperpolarization in a post synaptic cell (changes excitability)

the three amino acides

glutamate, glycine, GABA

glutamate

exictatory

GABA

inhibitory

glycine

inhibitory

the main amines

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

acetylcholine

serotonin

dopamine

modulary, substantia nigra

norepinephrine

modulary, locus ceruleus, prepares FFF

epinephrine

modulary/excitatory, adrenal glands, FFF

acetylcholine

excitatory, neuromuscular junction, myasthenia gravis —> autoimmune response to attack receptors

serotonin

modulary, raphe nuclei, depression and anxiety

microglia

part of the immune system (has both pro/anti inflammatory activity)

macroglia

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

generate myelin for the CNS axons (white matter)

schwann cells

generate myelin for the PNS axons (grey matter)

astrocytes

packing material, supports synaptic transmission, forms the BBB, regulates potassium and glutamate

blood brain barrier (BBB)

keeps the brain free of things that shouldn’t be there

visual difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

oligodendrocytes has a clear cell body, schwann cells look like myelin

1. use it or lose it

without stimulation, cortical tissue degreads and/or is relocated to other function

2. use it and improve it

with stimulation, skills improve due to dendritic growth, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity

3. specicifity

the need to initiate new learning skill and acquisition, do not just engage in mastered abilities

4. repetition matters

you need to practice previously mastered abilities a lot to cause synaptic level change and resist decay

5. intensity matters

strength, frequency of stimulation, high number of reps earlier is better

6. time matters

don’t want to overdo intensity, but starting therapy earlier is better (acute)

7. salience matters

attention to the target, not an unimportant task

8. age matters

recovery can depend on the age when the injury occurs, the younger the better but there’s still hope

9. transference

generalization, plasticity in one training can enhance related skills/behaviors

10. interference

preventing improvement in one area by targeting another

dendrites

input

axon hillock

integration

axon

conducting

presynaptic terminal/bouton

output

rostral

towards the front of the face (rostro —> face)

cadaul

towards the back of the head (cola —> tail)

dorsal (cerebrum)

top of the brain (think dorsal fin)

dorsal of the spinal cord

back of the spinal cord

ventral (cerebrum)

bottom of the brain

ventral of the spinal cord

front (closer to the chest)

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

towards the front

posterior

toward the back

horizontal plane

top of the head (axial, transverse)

sagittal plane

separates the brain into the left and right (medial)

coronal plane

front vs back (lateral, think corona for crown)

where is the frontal lobe located

front of the brain

where is the parietal lobe located

behind the frontal lobe

where is the occipital bone lobe located

back of the brain (behind the parietal lobe, before the temporal)

where is the temporal lobe located

bottom of the brain/side of the head

where is the anterior cranial fossa

frontal lobe

where is the middle cranial fossa

temporal lobe

where is the posterior cranial fossa

cerebellum/occpital lobe

the CNS consists of

the brain (+ brainstem) and spinal cord

the PNS consists of

peripheral nerves

what do the brain and brainstem do

they send/receive signals through the spinal cord to/from the peripheral nerves in the body (control muscles and internal organs)

parts of the brain in the CNS

cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes)

cerebellum

subcortical nuclei

sections of the spinal cord

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

coccygeal

parts of the brainstem

mesencephalon

medulla

pons

how many nerves are in the PNS

43

how many crainial nerves are there

12 (CN I-XII)

how many cervical nerves are there

8 (C1-C8)

how many thoracic nerves are there

12 (T1-T12)

how many lumbar nerves are there

5 (L1-L5)

how many sacral nerves are there

5 (S1-S5)

how many coccygeal nerves are there

one pair

components of a peripheral nerve

epineurium

fascicles of nerve

perineurium

endoneurium

axon

myelin

axon core

two divisions of the PNS

visceral and somatic

two components of the visceral PNS

autonomic and enteric (digestion)

two kinds of autonomic PNS systems

sympathetic and parasympathetic

aspects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

parasympathetic

rest and digest

sympathetic

fight flight freeze (FFF)