Period 2

St. Augustine, Florida 1595

the first permanent European colony; was a Catholic safe place (and later promised slaves freedom)

Missions/Missionaires

wanted to spread Christianity to the New World

Encomienda System

a glorified plantation; Native Americans were used as servants in Spanish America

Pueblo Revolt 1680

a revolt with an uprising of 46 Native Americans where the Spaniards were driven out of New Mexico and returned in 1690, but gave more autonomy to the Native Americans they rules

Mercantilism

a political economy based on government regulation; U.K Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain

Roanoke 1587

“The Lost Colony” - disappeared

Jamestown 1607

EPS foundation; first civilization

Starving Time

lasted 10 years; people had trouble farming, harsh winters, and predominantly male population led to the downfall of this civilization

Virginia House of Burgesses 1619

political government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony’s inhabits

Indian Wars of 1622

Native American uprising against the influx of immigrants in Jamestown - mutual destruction

Maryland - Catholics 1632

a refuge for Catholics escaping prosecution in Europe

Maryland Act of Toleration 1649

granted freedom of worship to all Christains

Indentured Servants

a system where workers contracted for servitude; no wages but free access to travel across the Atlantic, housing and to be a free person after the contract is over

Bacon’s Rebellion 1675

a battle over land and social class tensions; legalized slavery and new social class (slaves)

Puritans

dissenters from the Church of England; genuine Reformation; importance of individuals relationship with God

Holy Commonwealth

to create God’s Kingdom on Earth

Plymouth 1620

the first permanent Protestant settlement

Mayflower Compact 1620

Civil Body Politics; will of the majority; religious self governing

Pilgrims

one of the first Protestant groups to come to America; separation from the Church of England

Massachusetts Bay Colony

families came to America to create communities, independent farmers and protestant

City Upon a Hill

envision of a reformed Christian society; authority, liberty, and purity

Great Migration to 1630 to 1660

migration of English Puritans to New England colonies

Separatists

committed Protestants that left the Church of England

Non-Separatists

committed Protestants that did not leave the Church of England

Salem Witch Trials

trials/executions against witchcraft (rich accusses poor); political instability; mass hysteria

New England Way

Church and State combined

Halfway Covenant

conversion process to Christianity (must be reborned)

Praying Towns

J. Eliot created 14 Indian praying towns; were few of them converted to Christainity

Metacom’s (King Phillips) War 1675

Native Americans destroyed a white town; Metacom was killed; resulted in the end of the existence of Native Americans as independent people)

Wamponoag

Native group that tried to coexist with whites; they found that whites had to be expelled (couldn’t live together in peace)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639

helped establish a government (stated the powers and limits of government)

New England Confederation 1643

military alliance with Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies against common enemies

The Dominion of New England 1686 to 1689

America became ruled under the model of authoritarian and colonial rule like Ireland (absolute monarchy)

Philadelphia

Irish/German immigrants (diverse)

The Holy Experiment

inner spiritual light (stray away from materialism)

New York and the Jerseys

diverse middle colonies (hierarchical society and German/Irish immigrants)

Paxton Boys and Penn

wanted the expulsion of all Native Americans, massacred Indians

Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage

traded Africans from Africa to America; transformed the economy

Middle Passage

the Africans journey to the New World as a slave

Emergence of an African American Community/Culture

to maintain autonomy (music, dance)

Stono Rebellion 1739

the largest slave uprising in South Carolina; showed the impossibility of success (defeated by the whites)

South Carolina and W. African Rice

African American labor was originally used to cultivate rice (majority of the economy)

New World/Old World Influences

transformed the colonies and Europe and brought new stuff to the environment

Enlightenment

a dramatic revolution in science, philosophy, society, and politics (“Age of Reason”)

The Great Awakening

the religious revival appealing to one’s heart and spirit

New Lights

those that accepted the emotional brand of Christianity

Old Lights

those that were focused on the rational brand of Christianity

The Atlantic World

Britain left the foundation for economic productivity and cultural transformations; print and consumer revolution; a transatlantic community

Pope

a vast hierarchy of cardinals, bishops, and priests (spirited powers)

Sir Walter Raleigh

was the leader of “The Lost Colony” (disappeared and Jamestown was made)

John Smith

an English colonist who created the colony of Virginia

John Rolfe

found the Native plant of tobacco that the people of Europe started to crave (this plant became very important to the economy of the colonies)

Opechancanough

Powhatan’s younger brother and successor; attacked English invaders (wanted to get rid of the whites and did not want to assimilate)

Lord Baltimore

wanted to create a Haven for Catholics

Nathaniel Bacon

migrant of New England, leaders of the rebels, attacked Native Americans because he wanted in Berkley’s plan

Governor William Berkeley

the crown appointed governor of Virginia

John Winthrop (Model of Christian Charity)

Non Separatist Puritan; A City Upon a Hill; giver yourself to the community (sense of charity)

William Bradford

A Separatist Puritan; created a Holy Commonwealth (God’s Kingdom on Earth)

John Cotton (Right to Occupy the Land)

minister; inspired religious reform through Christendom

Roger Williams

advocated for the separation of church and state and religious tolerance; questioned the seizure of Native land; created Rouge’s Island with no legally established church

Anne Hutchinson

challenged the authority of the church, men leader, and the women’s place; was trialed and banished

Metacom

a Native American leader (was killed) that led Indians to destroy white towns

William Penn

believed in Pacifism, women and men equality, and a “Holy Experiment”; condemned slavery and wanted a good relationship with Native Americans; no established church

George Whitefield

First national figure in America

Benjamin Franklin

popularized the practical look of the Enlightenment (inventor) (Poor Richard’s Almanack)

John Edwards

Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God; shaped the First Great Awakening

Joint Stock Companies

Companies that raise money by selling stock

Jamestown

First permanent British settlement in North America (1607)

Virginia Company

Company that settled Jamestown in 1607

Powhatan

Leader of Indians in Jamestown area whose daughter, Pocahontas, married Jamestown settle John Rolfe

Headright System

Law that granted land to new settlers in Chesapeake area

House of Burgesses

Jamestown's (and later Virginia's) first legislature (or law-making body)

Toleration Act (1649)

Law that granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon leads followers against corrupt VA governor William Berkeley but dies suddenly (in 1676). It helped to decrease the power of the plantation-elites and to improve life for yeoman farmers and indentured servants but lead to importation of slave labor.

Pilgrims

Puritan s (a.k.a. Separatists) who had left Church of England and migrated to America on Mayflower

Mayflower Compact

1st "Constitution" in N America. It provided for Puritan self-government

Plymouth

Colony established by Puritans (a.k.a. Pilgrims, Separatists) in 1620

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans in 1630 and led by John Winthrop

"City Upon a Hill"

Winthrop phrase about how Mass Bay colony would serve as a model of the perfect Christian city

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who wanted less church interference in government and left Mass Bay colony. He eventually founded Rhode Island in 1636

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan convicted of heresy and went to Rhode Island

Thomas Hooker

Puritan who left Mass Bay colony and founded Connecticut in 1636

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister in Mass Bay who preached "fire and brimstone" sermons

Metacom's Rebellion

1675-1676. New England Indian uprising led by Indian king called King Philip by British

Navigation Acts

Laws imposed by Britain on the American colonists that required colonists to trade primarily with Britain

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies that began as land grants by the king of England to aristocrats like Lord Baltimore (MD)

William Penn

English Quaker whose proprietorship became a haven for Quakers

Jonathan Edwards

CT river valley preacher in the 1730s

Great Awakening

Religious revival begun in the 1730s by British minister George Whitefield

Old Light v. New Light

pre v. post Great Awakening preachers

Phillis Wheatley

Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and for its quality

English Cultural Domination

Most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies

Benjamin West

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with John Copley

John Copley

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with Benjamin West

Benjamin Franklin

Writer and scientist; author of Poor Richard's Almanac and inventor of bifocal eyeglasses

Poor Richard's Almanac

Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 contained aphorisms and advice

John Bartram

Self-taught botanist of Philadelphia.

Professions: Religion, Medicine, Law

Ministers, Physicians, and Lawyers (due to legal support of revolution) were all respected careers in the 18th century

Religious Toleration

Massachusetts was the least tolerant in matters of religion, excluding non-Christians and Catholics. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania were the most liberal

Established Church

Churches that were financed by taxes. (Anglican Church in Virginia/Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut)