APES Unit 1 Review

Individual

one organism

Population

group of individuals from same species

Community

all living organisms in one area

Ecosystems

All living, non-living things in area

Biome

Plants, animals found in given region

Biosphere

Place where life is found

Example of Biome

Desert, tundra, rainforest

example of biosphere

Earth

Example of Individual

Elk

Example of population

elk herd

example of community

elk herd, bears, trees

Predation

one organism using other for energy

example of predation

herbivores eating plants, carnivores killing and eating prey

Competition

organisms fighting over one resource

Resource partitioning

different species using same resource in different ways, reduces competition (diff bird species using same trees)

Temporal (time) partitioning

Use resources at different times (owls hunt at night, crows hunt at day, but both eat same thing)

Spatial Partitioning

Living in same place but using different area and resources

Morphological Partitioning

using different resources based on different evolved body features

Symbiosis

two different species interacting

why does latitude affect temperature?

The further away a biome is from the equator(latitude), the temp gets lower

Productivity in a biome is decide by…

temperature and percipitation levels

how does a biome have high productivity levels?

When a biome have a high diversity and number of primary producers and plants

Biomes with highest produtivity

swamps, marshes, tropical forests

Biomes with lowest produtivity

Deserts

Coral reefs

-more productive than open ocean

-very diverse

-coral and algae have a mutualistic relationship;one can not live without the other

Open oceans

-least produtive aquatic biome

-produce mass amounts of Earth’s o2

-organisms (phytoplankton & algae) can only survive in photic zone(area where sunlight reaches ocean, photosynthesis)

Carbon cycle

involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic matter by plants through photosynthesis, the release of carbon back into the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition, and the exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate and supporting life.

nitrogen cycle

A natural process that describes the movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, water, and living organisms. It involves several key stages: nitrogen fixation, where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a usable form; nitrification, which transforms ammonia into nitrates; assimilation, where plants absorb nitrates; and denitrification, which returns nitrogen to the atmosphere. This cycle is crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting plant growth.

Phosphorus cycle

This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of a chemical element through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It involves processes like weathering of rocks, absorption by plants, consumption by animals, and eventual return to the soil through decomposition. Unlike other cycles, it does not have a gaseous phase and is primarily found in soil and water. Essential for DNA, RNA, and ATP production, it plays a critical role in biological systems.

Water Cycle

This process involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. Water evaporates from surfaces, forms clouds through condensation, falls as precipitation, and collects in bodies of water, soil, and ice, repeating the cycle.

producer

plants;anything going through photosynthesis

primary Consumers

organisms that eat producers(herbivores, omnivores)

Secondary consumers

(Carnivores, omnivores), eat primary producers

Tertiary consumers

Eat secondary producers (apex predators, top of the food chain)

10% rule

only ~10% of energy from one level makes it to the second level; other 90% is lost

decomposer

present in every level above producers

High PP

high plant growth = lots of food and shelter for animals

PP

Primary productivity

Organisms with high PP are…

very biodiverse

Primary productivity (PP)

rate of photosynthesis of all producers in an area over a given period of time

GPP(gross primary productivity)

the total amount of light that plants capture and convert to energy (glucose) through photosynthesis

Respiration loss (RP)

plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cell respiration (movement, internal transportation, etc)

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

Amount of energy (biomass) leftover for consumers after plants have used some for respiration

Calculating PP

NPP= GPP - RL