Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology (McGraw Hill)

Ultrastructure

refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

Histopathology

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs

Ausultation

listening to organ sounds

Palpation

to examine by touch

comparitive anatomy

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

Cadaver

dead body

Dissection

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

Percussion

tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes

Physiology

Study of function

inspection

the act of examining or reviewing by look

Anatomy

study of structure

comparitive physiology

the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

radiology

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Cytology

study of structure and function of cells

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Medical Imaging

development of techniques for looking into the body without surgery

exploratory surgery

opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Aristotle

One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology

Claudius Galen

physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems. First teacher to do dissections himself.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells, designed the compound microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

made first simple microscope

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

7 steps of the scientific method

state the problem, gather information, hypothesis, experiment, record and analyze data, conclusion, repeat the work

inductive method

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them, Francis Bacon

How is most physiological knowledge obtained?

The hypothetico-deductive method

Hypothesis

An educated guess

Falsifiability

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

sample size

The number of subjects used in an experiment or study. Generally, the larger the better.

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

treatment group

the group that receives the treatment

psychosomatic effects

effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology

Placebo

a fake drug used in the testing of medication

experimenter bias

occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

double-blind method

neither the subject nor experimenter knows which group is the control group(s) receiving the placebo, or the actual treatment groups (this is to control for experimenter bias)

Statistical testing

provides statement of probability that treatment was effective

peer review

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

3 examples of statistical testing

1. Chi square test

2. the t test

3. analysis of variance

When and why is a research project submitted to peer review?

Prior to funding or publication, and done by using verification and repeat-ability of results

scientific fact

information that can be independently verified

Law of Nature

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

Theory

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

selection pressure

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

Adaptation

A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Evolution

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

aboreal

relating to trees

prehensile

capable of grasping, seizing

stereoscopic vision

the ability to determine an object's depth based on that object's projections to each eye

Structural hierarchy of the body

OrganisOrm, Organ System, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Macromolecules, Molecules, Atoms

Organism

An individual living thing

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

Tissue

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Cells

the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the basic functions of life

Organells

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Molecule

smallest unit of most compounds

Atoms

Smallest particle with unique chemical idetities

what properties distinguish life?

Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution

negative feedback

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature.

Receptor

structure that senses change in the body

integrating center

Processes information and makes a decision

Effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus

feedback loop

Occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system.

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

positive feedback

self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

Gradient

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points - moves from high to low

What are some variables in physiological variation?

Sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, genetics and environment