AP World History: Early Modern Period Study Guide

The major land based empire from 1450-1750 in East Asia were the ______.

ManchuEmpire/Qing Dynasty

The major land based empire from 1450-1750 in the Middle East were the ______.

Ottomans and Safavids

The major land based empire from 1450-1750 in South Asia were the ______.

Mughals

A transformative military technology that fueled the rise of the land based empires in this period was _____.

Gunpowder

Land based empires legitimized their power by constructing

Monumental architecture

Land based empires financed their empires by using

Tribute/tax collection.

Growth in power and size led empires into religious and political rivalries that often ended in _____

war/rivalries/conflict.

What both unified and divided empires was _____

Religion

In the Mughal Empire, a new syncretic religion developed called ____

Sikhism

In Europe, the formerly unified Catholic world fractured during the ____

Protestant Reformation.

The ___________ linked the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Columbian Exchange

What did the Columbian Exchange spread across the Atlantic & Pacific oceans.

new plants, animals, and diseases

The spread of peoples and empires led to an intensification of interactions that led to new syncretic belief systems like ____

Vodun (In the Caribbean, was a mixture of West African & Catholic beliefs)

New types of coerced labor dominated the economies of the maritime empires with enslaved Africans being forced into ____

chattel slavery

New types of coerced labor dominated the economies of the maritime empires with Native Americans being forced into systems like the ____

Encomienda.

These new European chartered__________ to allow investors to profit.

joint stock companies

These new European empires built ________ along the coasts of Africa and Asia

trading posts

What theory/system justified control of the economy?

Mercantilist economic theory/system

To break the trade monopoly of the ________ Empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (near Southeast Europe/Northwest Middle East), the Europeans established ________ Empires using technology like ______ sails on ships like the _____/______

Ottoman, Maritime, Lateen, Caravel/fluyt

The Manchu Empire was the final empire in the Chinese Dynastic Cycle after defeating the _____ Dynasty.

Ming

One similarity between the Manchu (Qing Dynasty) and the empire/dynasty they conquered

Confucianism, the Imperial Exam/Civil Service Exam, and the Imperial Dynastic system

One difference between the Manchu (Qing Dynasty) and the empire/dynasty they conquered

Ethically different, coming from the northeast region. Banner system to rule. Enforced the Queue hairstyle amongst the chinese.

Manchu Banner System

Each Ethnicity (Chinese, Mongols, Manchus, etc) would rule itself under its own banner. They would organize the military and the census. The emperor made Bannerman who had status and powerful armies.

One unique way the Manchus enforced their rule of China was via the hairstyle known as _____

Queue

How did the Manchus staff bureaucratic positions to help maintain their power in China.

Continued using Imperial/Civil Service exam to staff the positions, created a dyarchy, and appointed a Manchu and a Han Chinese to positions to increase legitimacy.

Write the formula (acronym) for an SAQ

TEA - Thesis, evidence, analysis

The Ottomans were able to take down the walls of Constantinople by utilizing

gunpowder/artillery.

The Ottomans then changed the name of their capital from Constantinople to

Istanbul.

What role did the Hagia Sophia play in the transfer of power from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire after 1453?

Originally built as a Christian Church, tallest in Europe for centuries. After the Ottoman Turks took the city and built their empire, they converted it into a Muslim mosque.

List 2 administrative positions made available to the people who were trained in the Devshirme system.

Janissaries (military), religious scholars, government bureaucrats, and advisors to the Sultan

Describe two benefits of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire.

Access to training with the most modern gunpowder weapons. They played a large role in the expansion of the Empire via military conquest, they also had no familial connections and were fiercely loyal to the sultan

The Ottoman Empire streamlined the bureaucracy by collecting their revenue using

tax farming.

ollowing the Spanish Empire's shift away from religious tolerance in the late 15th century, the Ottoman policy toward religious tolerance saw large numbers of ______ immigrating into the Ottoman Empire.

Jews

Provide two similarities between the Safavid and the Ottoman Empires

Both were ruled by hereditary leaders who passed power down from father to son, and both were ruled by Islamic leaders who legitimized rule through religion

Provide one difference between the Safavid and the Ottoman Empires

The Ottomans practiced Sunni Islam while the Safavids practiced Shia Islam

The two Land-Based Empires that the Safavids had a religious and political conflict with was the _________ to their west and the ________ to their east.

Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire

________ was the founder of the Safavid Empire.

Shah Ismail I

The Mughals came to power by defeating the ___________ at the Battle of Panipat in 1526.

Delhi Sultanate

The founder of the Mughal Empire was _______ He claimed descendancy from _________.

Babur, Chinggis Khan.

Describe one similarity between Mughal Akbar the Great's religious policy and Safavid Shah Ismail I

They were both Muslim rulers who ruled Islamic empires

Describe one difference between Mughal Akbar the Great's religious policy and Safavid Shah Ismail I

Akbar was famously religiously tolerant and Shah Ismail was intolerant of anyone who was not a Shia Muslim

Sikhism emerged in the Mughal Empire as a Syncretic belief system merging beliefs from ________ and _________ with the teachings of Guru Nanak.

Islam and Hindiusm

Describe the conflict that emerged at the end of this period between the Mughals and the Marathas.

Over who controlled South Asia and what religion they were. The Mughals were Muslim ruling over a Hindu majority in modern-day India. While the Marathas were a collection of Hindu groups opposed to the Mughals

Describe the role that Zamindars played in the administration of the Mughal Empire.

They were local Hindu princes in the Mughal Empire. Instead of creating an entire new bureaucracy to help with tax collection, the Mughals simply used the local princes (Zamindars) to collect taxes for them.

How did the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty use art to legitimize their rule?

The Manchus used Imperial portraits to enhance the power/prestige of the Emperor while also offering the foreign Manchus greater legitimacy within the Dynastic System of China.

How did Louis XIV utilize the Palace of Versailles to centralize his absolute power in France?

Louis XIV converted his father's hunting lodge, outside of Paris, to his palace. It became the focus point of French politics with Louis requiring nobles to live at Versailles for part of the year. Being removed from Paris, he built Versailles into the heart of bureaucratic and political life in France

This royal residence in Beijing was reserved only for the Emperor, his family, and his staff.

Forbidden City

The largest building in Europe for 1,000 years before being converted to a Mosque after 1453

Hagia Sophia

Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife in 1631.

Taj Mahal

Difference between Sunni vs. Shia

The Sunnis believed that Muhammad's father-in-law Abu Bakr (chosen by the people) was the correct choice for Caliph (leader of the faith) while the Shia believe it should have been Muhammad's Cousin/Son-in-law Ali (direct succession only).

Difference between Protestant vs. Catholic

The Protestants had many "protests" against the Catholics that included the language used in the Bible (Catholics used Latin, while the Protestants preferred vernacular). Also, the power of the pope, priests, and religious tradition were all challenged.

How did many European monarchs use religious ideals to legitimize their power?

European monarchs claimed that the Christian God wanted them in power (Divine Right of Kings). Claiming to be essentially a messenger of God on Earth, specifically chosen to rule.

Describe the difference in treatment of the Hindus in the Mughal Empire by Akbar the Great:

Akbar was perhaps one of the most religiously tolerant rulers of this period of history who tried to create a syncretic religion to incorporate the beliefs of all of his followers.

Describe the difference in treatment of the Hindus in the Mughal Empire by Aurangzeb:

Aurangzeb was devoutly Muslim and suppressed the religious beliefs of the majority Hindus and minority Sikhs in the Mughal Empire.

Describe one innovative tax collection system utilized by a land based empire.

Ottoman tax farming allowed the highest bidder to take over tax collection. The Mughals used the Zamindar system, allowing local Hindu princes to control tax collection. The Manchu used the banner system to collect taxes.

Lateen Sails - Purpose and benefit

Triangular lateen sails allowed for mariners to go on longer ocean going journeys while being able to sail with, around, or into any wind patterns they may encounter

Caravels - Purpose and benefit

Small, maneuverable Portuguese ships that allowed for navigators to go south along the West coast of Africa as well as out into and across the Atlantic Ocean.

Compass - Purpose and benefit

Using a magnetic needle, the compass allowed travelers and navigators to determine their direction using earth's magnetism to find true north.

Explorer who opened a school to teach Islamic/Classical navigational techniques to Portuguese navigators

Prince Henry the Navigator

Explorer who crossed the Atlantic Ocean in search of the East Indies in 1492, inadvertently finding the Americas

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope to become the first European to reach India by sea.

Vasco da Gama

Impact of Disease on the New World

Smallpox, Malaria, Measles and other diseases were introduced to the Native Americans who had no immunity killing up to 90% of Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere.

Impact of Economy on the New World

The introduction of cash crops like tobacco, corn, and potatoes brought a massive financial boom to colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

Impact of Environment on the New World

Plantations for growing the new cash crops and the introduction of new animals like horses and cows were detrimental to the environment leading to soil erosion.

How did Enslaved People help accelerate the Columbian Exchange

The creation of large plantations required labor. Europeans introduced chattel slavery that brought more crops like okra or rice.

How did European Colonizers help accelerate the Columbian Exchange

European colonizers brought diseases and crops from the Eastern Hemisphere to the West. They also returned with the crops from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern.

How did Plantations help accelerate the Columbian Exchange

Plantations grew cash crops from the Western Hemisphere for shipment to the Eastern Hemisphere where they became staples of Europe and the Middle East

Two ways the population of Afro-Eurasia benefitted from the new crops from the Western Hemisphere

They got new sources of calories. This also led to an increase in population and a diversification of diets in Afro-Eurasia. Financially, the Maritime Empires financially benefited from the new cash crops via the plantation economy.

One way the Aztecs responded to the arrival of Europeans.

The Aztecs encountered and fought the Spanish. Conquistador Hernan Cortes' forces used firearms, steel, horses and diseases to claim victory.

One way the Inca responded to the arrival of Europeans.

The Inca encountered and fought the Spanish. Conquistador Francisco Pizarro used the same advantages as his cousin Cortes had to claim victory.

One way the Mughals responded to the arrival of Europeans.

The Mughals, busy with fighting the Marathas, allowed for the Portuguese and British to establish trading posts in India.

Where did the Spanish expand to?

Latin America, Southeast Asia

Where did the Portuguese expand to?

Latin America, West Africa, Southern Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia

Where did the French expand to?

Latin America, South Asia

Where did the Dutch expand to?

Latin America, West Africa, Souther Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia

Where did the British expand to?

Latin America, Southern Africa, South Asia

Where was Sugar before the Columbian Exchange

Eastern Hemisphere

Where was Okra before the Columbian Exchange

Eastern Hemisphere

Where was Malaria before the Columbian Exchange

Eastern Hemisphere

Where was Smallpox before the Columbian Exchange

Eastern Hemisphere

Where was Corn before the Columbian Exchange

Western Hemisphere

Where was Potatoes before the Columbian Exchange

Western Hemisphere

Identify one economic benefit that the expansion of trade networks provided for African states like Asante or Kongo.

Kongo saw benefits to their additions to the Atlantic system. As they traded and made treaties with the Portuguese and other Europeans, their access to gunpowder and finished products saw their influence and power in their regions grow.

Define mercantilism

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

Two benefits of establishing a joint stock company

They limit the amount of risk an investor might have by allowing people to buy shares of a company, rather than sponsor entire voyages AND it was a collection of businesses that were granted a monopoly, and therefore had no competition.

Crops that were grown in the Western Hemisphere to be sold in Europe were known as _________ and they were produced in the _________ economy.

Cash crops, plantation

Although slavery has existed for millennia, this period saw a new form called _________ in which the enslaved were seen as ________ by their owners

Chattel slavery, property

One characteristic of Mit'a labor system

The state would require men in the empire to work on government projects for a few months.

One characteristic of Encomienda labor system

The Spanish forced Native Americans to work on plantations and/or mining.

One characteristic of Chattel Slavery labor system

People were seen as literal chattel, or property. This was race-based and hereditary/generational.

While many navigators sailed south to go around Africa and the Americas; some Dutch, British, and French voyagers attempted to sail west to find the _____________. These attempts ultimately ended in _______.

Northwest Passage, failure.

Describe Viceroyalties as used by the Spanish and Portuguese to establish/control their New World territories

Due to the distance from Europe, the King would appoint a viceroy (literally, vice king) who would rule for him in the western hemisphere. Viceroys essentially had the same power as a monarch, but did have to report back to the king. But distance and communication time made the viceroy the effective king of the colony.

Spanish conquerors were guaranteed coerced labor from the Native Americans through the ____________ system where Spaniards would convert them to _________/__________ and teach them Spanish.

Encomienda, Catholicism/Christianity

Gender and family roles in Africa underwent massive demographic changes with the number of ___ decreasing as a direct result of the ___________________.

men, transatlantic slave trade

Describe one political policy that places like Ming China or Tokugawa Japan enacted in response to the arrival of Western (European) powers.

Following the arrival of the West, places like China and Japan enacted restrictions on trade. The Ming limited trade to a few places while the Tokugawa Shogun proclaimed sakoku or closed country with trade limited to Dejima in Nagasaki and then only to China, Korea, and the Dutch.

Empire that controlled Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique

Portuguese

Empire that controlled W. Latin America & the Philippines:

Spanish

Empire that controlled Indonesia and Nagasaki, Japan:

Dutch

Empire that controlled Eastern N. America and South Asia:

British

Enslaved people who escaped often formed _________ societies. These societies were mostly found in and around the ____________ sea or in the Portuguese colony of _______.

Maroon, Caribbean, Brazil