World history final

Etruscans

The group that ruled Italy before the Romans

Plebeians

the common people of ancient Rome

Patricians

Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

Imperialism

A group that rules over another group from far away

Julius Caesar

Born in 100 BCE, had popular support of the people. Was a military leader and politician, triumvirate with Pompey(general) and Crassus (richest in Rome). He ruled over Gaul with successful conquests. Pompey puts him on trial, he refused to attend, then marched on Rome with an army and defeats Pompey, who flees and dies in Egypt. Crassus has an affair with his daughter, then Crassus dies in battle. From 48 -44 B.C.E, he ruled as the emperor (dictator for life) and started the Roman dynasty. Senators started to get fearful of him and assassinated him.

Octavian/Caesar Augustus

Started an alliance with Marc Antony (general), and Marcus Lepidus (head of calvary, powerful patron). Split up the empire, Marc Antony got east, he got Italy and Gaul, Lepidus got Spain and North Africa. He was an absolute monarch, increased senate, civil service reform, ran senate, created postal service, 28 legion ary, increased land size. He also had public works projects, festivals, gladiator games, and "breads and circuses".

Pax Romana

This lasted from 30 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. As an age of internal peace and stability (wars at the border). There was increased trade with the East and it had chariot races. During this period there were the 5 good emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

"Breads and Circuses"

citizens of Romen enjoyed, were distracted, meanwhile, there were external problems. This was during Pax Romana

Diocletian

Ruling from, 284 - 305 he created a tetrarchy, where the empire split in half and 2 people ruled over each half. He increased Bureaucracy and fixed prices to avoid inflation and created a steady production of goods.

Edict of Milan

A proclamation from Emperor Constantine that granted freedom of worship to all citizens in 313 AD. This ended the persecution of Christians and helped them grow from 6 million followers to 33 million in just 50 years.

Alaric

Leader of the goths who plundered Rome in 410

Attila

\_____ the Hun who rampaged Roman territory

Odoacer

He overthrew the last western Emperor and became the first king of Italy

Martyr

People, usually Christians, who died for their faith after becoming scapegoats at the hands of the Romans.

Ptolemy

Egyptian scientist who brought the geocentric theory back into practice: this idea was welcomed into the church.

Tribunes

Protector of the people who was elected and looked out for the plebs

Consuls

The highest position of Roman government of which there were 2

Dictator

Was appointed in a time of crisis in Rome and had absolute power

Punic Wars

Three wars in which Rome and Carthage fought. In the first War, Rome won the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. In the most well known of the three, the second War, the Romans fought against Hannibal, who sought revenge and was successful on multiple occasions. In the third War, Rome wanted revenge for Hannibal's actions. The Romans razed Carthage and made it uninhabitable for generations.

Hannibal

A man from Carthage who challenged and sought revenge against the Roman Empire during the second Punic War. He defeated them in battle through logic, despite being outnumbered, and the element of surprise. One example of this is when he crossed the Alps in the winter in order to sneak up on Rome. However, he lost at the Battle of Zama and was eventually exiled from Carthage.

Latifundia

In Ancient Rome, it was a large estate where slaves were responsible for its upkeep. This led to the wealthy class buying more land and farmers being forced into debt.

First and Second Triumvirates

1st Triumvirate was made of Caesar(military leader and politician), Crassus(rich man), and Pompey(general). They take over and divide the empire, Caesar gets Gaul and leads successful military conquests. Crassus dies, and Pompey puts Caesar on trial. Caesar marches into Rome and defeats Pompey, Pompey flees and is killed in Egypt. Caesar declared himself dictator for life. 2nd Triumvirate was made of Marc Antony (general and Caesar's Co-Consultant), Octvius (Caesar's nephew and successor) and Lepidus (powerful patrician). The three split the empire, Marc Antony gets Egypt and east, Octavian gets Italy and Gaul, Lepidus gets Spain and North Africa. Octavian and Marc Antony had a war, Antony emerges victorious and marries Octavia. Lepidus dies, and Antony and Octavius fight again, Octavius defeats Antony and Cleopatra (Battle of Actium), and Octavius (now Augustus) becomes the first Roman emperor in 31 B.C.E.

Marc Antony and Cleopatra

He was a consul and general that was in the second Triumvirate after Caesar's death. After Lepidus' death, he split Rome with Octavian. He fell in love with her. This then created a civil war in Rome, which he lost. They were killed at the Battle of Actium. This led to Octavian becoming an absolute ruler and creating the Roman Empire.

She was an Egyptian Pharaoh who had affairs with both Julius Caesar and ______. She bore children with both. Although he was set to marry Octavian's sister, he instead ran off with her. This resulted in a civil war and Octavian gaining full power over Rome.

Nero and Caligula

Arguably the worst two emperors of Rome, they served during Pax Romana. One is known for naming his horse a consul and ordering Roman soldiers to invade Britain by walking across the sea. He was assassinated by his bodyguards, the praetorian guard.

The other served after him and was known for entertaining instead of ruling. He was extremely paranoid and ordered the deaths of his family members and generals he felt threatened by. Additionally, he persecuted Christians for refusing to worship him as a god and, according to Roman writers, "watched Rome burn". His death led to a civil war that gave way to the five good emperors.

Constantine

An Emperor who passed the Edict of Milan, which allowed freedom of worship, after converting to Christianity. This boosted the number of Christians. He also moved the capital to Asia Minor and renamed it to Constantinople. He worked to implement economic reforms and more government power, however it only worked for a short period of time.

St. Paul and Early Roman Christianity

A Christian who traveled Europe in order to spread the message of Jesus to gentiles, or non Jews. He wrote letters, which became the basis and focus for the New Testament, that explained Jesus's teachings in great detail.

Causes for the fall of the Roman Empire and Republic

Rome had a series of Emperors who were slightly corrupt and unstable: many assassinations of the emperors and religous tensions. Then, Rome was attacked by a series of Germanic tribes. Rome was under constant attack by Germanic tribes, however, Rome no longer had citizens fighting for them, they would hire mercenaries (often other Germanic tribes) to fight for them. The Battle of Adrianople 378 B.C.E, was lost by the Roman. Alaric the Vandal sacked Rome, Atilla the Hun ramages the empire, and Odoacer overthrew Romulus Augustus (last emperor) and became the first king of Italy in 467 C.E.

Aqueducts and Roman Roads

Stone bridges designed by the Romans in order to carry water from the countryside to the city. These kept the Romans supplied with water to both drink and bathe in in the public baths. The dirty water was then carried out through pipes.

The roads made it easier for travel and were a vast improvement compared to others.

Coliseum

It was a roman architectural marvel that would host gladiator games, both dry and naval battles. This was a large, circular amphitheater, with different levels for different social classes. There was a special emperor box. The coliseum itself was a combination of Greek and Roman architecture. During the dark ages, this was taken apart for building materials.

Clovis and the Franks

This man was the King of Franks (486) and conquered Gaul (496), he converted to Christiantiy, thus, was able to better connect with the majority of his Christian empire, and made Christianity more popular.

Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours

Known as "the hammer", he was a Frankish general who fought the Moors. The Muslim army was very successful in conquest: they had captured Spain and were expanding into Europe. Hemet them in battle at this battle and defeated them. The moors were forced to return to Spain. Eventually, his descendants took over the Frankish kingdom and started the Carolingian dynasty.

Charlemagne

grandson of Charles Martel, conquered France, Germany, and Italy. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Revival of Latin and learning at Aachen (school). Missi Dominichi were his messengers. Treaty of Verdun (843), his grandsons split the empire into 3.

Treaty of Verdun

signed in 843, the grandsons of Charlemagne split the empire into 3 (Italy, France and Germany) after his death.

Missi Dominici

Messengers of Charlemagne who would act in his name

Aachen and Latin learning

Charlemagne valued learning. He set up a school, Aachen, to teach children how to read and write in Latin. This was the first attempt in education in Western Europe, beside monasteries, since the fall of Rome.

Feudalism

A decentralized government. The monarch was the one in charge, however, the nobles had a lot of power, on some levels more than the monarch. Land was divided among the nobles. The nobles would employ vassals for an army. The serfs or peasants living on the noble's land would work for the noble. In exchange, the nobles would protect the peasants. There was very little movement in and out of an area, all activities would need the permission of the noble.

Manor economy

The manor economy is a subsection of Feudalism. This describes the relationship between the serfs and the vassals. The serfs would work on the land, and the vassals would rule over them. Serfs would have to get the consent of the vassals to leave the property. In return for submission, the vassals would protect the serfs

Serfs

People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord during the Middle Ages.

Canon Law

Church law that is not necessarily found in the Bible

Papal Supremacy

The notion that the Pope should have authority and people's loyalty should lie with the Pope first.

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests during the Middle Ages as trade increased

Capital

money for investment

Insurance

protection against possible financial loss

Charters

A document that gives rules, rights, and privileges to encourage an individual, in exchange for money or a service (merchants would get these in return for a tax).

Usury

Charging an interest in a loan

Three-field system

Medieval farming method with two fields in use, and the third for grazing. The next season, the fields switch. It prevents overfarming and keeps the soil full of nutrition.

St. Benedict

Was said to be a miracle performer. He set up monasteries was a popular order to join as it was a break from the chaos. Life in a Benedician monastery was harsh, people were not allowed to express themselves (no talking, etc.). Many tried to run while others sought to kill him. He preserved literature and one of his sayings was Ora et Labora (pray and work).

Knights

they were often sons of nobles who would later become vassals or nobles themselves. At the age of 7, they were sent to special schools to train. When they had finished they would have a public ceremony to welcome them into knighthood. Most would live in castles, and would be both thugs and protectors. They were hired by nobles as an army unit. They were required to be brave, loyal, and true.

Chivalry

the qualities idealized by knighthood such as bravery and gallantry toward women

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Interdict

A ban from practicing Catholicism placed over an entire region. This may happen if a king went against the Pope.

Agricultural Revolution

Europe emerged from a mini-ice age, the use of the three field system, the development and implementation of the iron plow, and lords started to increase farmland. These developments increased the food production, and therefore, allowed for the population to grow.

Commercial Revolution

This was an economic recovery after the Agricultural Revolution. Europe started to become less dependent on farming as more trades came into fashion. This allowed for the rise of a middle class, increase in trade, and growth of towns.

Bill of Exchange

A bank would give an individual a document declaring the amount they deposited. This individual can travel to a different area and present the document to the bank over there. They would get the money in exchange for the document. This was safer than carrying around a lot of cash from one area to another.

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices or positions

Friars

people who belonged to religious order but lived and worked among the general public. The two most famous groups are Dominican (St. Dominic) and Franciscan (St. Francis).

Bedouins

A Nomadic tribe of herders settled in Mecca (an oasis town) and created a lively marketplace.

Medina

A place north of Mecca where Muhammad fled tp after being forced out of Mecca (flight was called the Hijra).

Khadija

First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam. Married to her, Muhammad questioned his life and society and began to express his thoughts.

Hijra

"The flight" that Muhammad took to Medina after being forced out of Mecca. This is the first date in the Islamic calendar.

Kaaba

The sacred cube that was built by Abraham and Ishmael and was known as the "House of God". At the time of Muhammad, it was used as a temple for local polytheistic religions. After conquering Mecca, Muammad destroyed the deities that were in it and made it into a mosque for Muslims and only they can worship in there.

Sharia Law

A law that comes from the interpretation of the Quaran, which is implemeted in Islam theocratic states. The Regulated business, family life, and government (no separation between government and religious body). Initially encouraged women, but over time, became harsher, more limiting, and more misogynistic and led to the incorporation of veils over time.

Shiite

Muslims believe that the caliph, or leader of Islam was from the descendant of Muhammad's daughter (Fatima) and son-in-law (Ali). Ali was assassinated by a Sunni. Thought that Muhammads line was divinely inspired. A small minority, majority of which is in Iraq.

Abu Bakr

First caliph, follows the legacy of Muhammad and leads the Islamic religion. Goal was to spread Islam in the Abrain peninusla. Some intially refused to follow him because he was not Muhammad, but soon, they placed the religion above the leader.

Muhammed

he was born in Mecca in 570 C.E. he started as a Bedouin but became a merchant. He married Khadija, a wealthy widow and became wealthy. As he grew in wealth, he started to question life and societal problems. He got a vision from Gabriel, and started to preach. He was thrown out by the leaders of Mecca, and fled in 622 (first year in Islamic calendar) to Medina in the Hijra (flight). He was able to influence people in Medina and in 630, they conquered Mecca and turned the Kabba into a mosque. In 632, he declared the Kabba as a place where only Muslims could worship and died.

Mecca

Holy city of Islam, birth place of Muhammad and city of the Kabba. Muslims required to take a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

Five pillars of Islam

5 fundamental responsibilities of Islam which are the declaration of faith, 5 daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and the pilgrimage)

Quran

The holy book of Islam

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship. The Kaaba is the most important.

Sunni

Another branch of Islam that believes the Caliph is chosen by important figures, the Caliph is a leader as a pious male, whose inspiration coems from Muhammad. 90% of Muslims are Sunni.

Jihad

The duty of a Muslim to struggle in God's service. Two interpretations which focus on internal struggle, or engage in a "holy war" to spread Islam.

Caliph

The leader or emperor of the Islamic faith and the successors of Muhammad. It can also refer to regions added to Islamic territories.

Justinian

Reign (527 - 565), he wanted to reassemble the Roman empire and sent General Belisarius to conquer North Africa, Italy, and southern Spain. He gained temporary, financial restraints. Constructed the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom). Created his code, revised ancient Roman laws with new additions and was a model for other monarchs and Cahtlic church. Used laws to unite the empire (autocrat, caesaropapism (emperor challenges pope, clash over religious power)).

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped him rule and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the revolts, in which they were successful.

Fall of Constantinople

The Byzantine empire was on its verge of collapse for a while. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople. The Byzantine empire was so weak that it could not withstand the threat. THe Byzantine empire fell to the Ottoman empire in 1453.

Great Schism of 1054

in 1054, there was a split in Christianity between the West and East. The west believes in Papal supremacy, Chastity for Lergy, Latin mass, and the use of religious icons. In contrast, the East believed that the emperor was not apreist, controlled Church affairs, and an autocrat was appointed the highest church official. Rejected pope's authority (Caesaropapism). Clergy could marry, greek mass, and icons were not allowed. However, both parts still had some beliefs in common: Easter was the holiest day. The western half excommunicated the east, which did the same

Hagia Sophia

The Church of Holy wisdom, built during Justinains's reign. It was an architectural marvel: it had a dome with colored marble and silk curtains. When the Ottomans took over they made it into a mosque.

Justinian's Code

set of laws adopted by Justinian. Vaguely based on the Roman laws,has a lot of cultural diffusion. It is the bases for Catholic' church's canon law, and other monarch's laws and was used to unify his empire.

William of Normandy

After Edward the Confessor of England died with no heir, there was a fight for the English throne. Harold Godwswin, his brother in law was appointed. However, Harol Harada of Norway, \_____, and Tostig Godwswin all fought for the throne. This man sailed to England with the support of the Pope. In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, he triumphed and took the English throne. He was crowned on 12/25/1066. Lead to a blend of English and French culture, French speaking nobles, Bayeux tapestry (70 meters) tells the story.

Domesday Book

The census established by William of Normany to keep track of all property, and to allow for more effective taxation.

Common Law

It was the set of laws, or general themes of laws that was enforced throughout Western Europe at the time. This uniform enforcement ensured that people were abiding by the same, or similar principles, making unity and control over the region easier.

Juries

was a re-implementation of a Roman idea. A group of people (at this time men) were gathered and sworn to speak the truth. They would be brought into the trial to make a decision. A different jury of 12 neighbors to the defendant would be brought in. Similar to the modern day trial jury.

Parliament

An evolution of the Great Council, it is a group made up of the upper class who control finances. They are known to have the "power of the purse", and the King must go to them for finance-based approval. There are two branches, the House of Commons and House of Lords.

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury during the rule of Henry II. Henry II created a rule that would try the clergy members in royal court when they would do something wrong. He dissented. In 1170, the knights of Henry II set out, found him, and killed him. He was viewed as a martyr and Henry II chose not to fully implement this rule.

Philip II

He reigned from 1180 to 1223, same time as King John. He empowered the middle class by paying them to work for the government. He gave grants and charters to the middle class. He increased royal land by getting back Normandy from King John. He launched the Albergensian crusade, slaughters heretics, putting him in good relations with the Papacy.

Avignon Papacy

Philip IV (1285 - 1314) increased the tax on clergy members. Pope Boniface VIII opposed this and was prompty murdered. Pope Urban V was appointed, and since he was a Frenchman, he chose to move and begin this papacy. This showed how the monarchy triumphed over the Papacy.

Council of Clermont

1095, the officials of the Church and some monarchs assembled at here. They chose to take back the Holy Land in a crusade. The religious fervor inspired many to go: political, social, and economic opportunities. Was also seen as a pilgrimage, "Deus Vult,"God wills it, those who go will get an indulgence, prestige, heal schism with the west.

Alexius I

Emperor of the Byzantine empire, involved in the Council of Clermont, asked Pope Urban II for Christin troops

Reconquista

Spain was taken over by the Moors. Ferdinand and Isabella launched an attempt to drive the Muslims, Jewish (and little bits of Protestants), out of Spain. This Inquisition created religious (Cathoic) unity by forcing others out of Spain

Causes and Effects of the Black Death

Causes: After the crusades, there was a lot of traveling between places. The plague was from China, but came to Europe via trade and biological warfare. Boats that were infected docked, the mongols captured bodies of the deceased from the plague into the city. The epidemic became a pandemic, one of the deadliest in history. The disease was highly contagious, and was spread by fleas on rats.

Effects: Death toll was between 20% to 60% (25-60million) of Europe's population. There was mass persecuting the Jewish community, radical Christnians who would go places and whip themselves to repent. There was economic instability, (no workers, survivors needed high wages (caused inflation, increased social mobility). The church came under attack, western schism (1378 - 1417), early attempts to reform.

Western Schism

During the plague, the Papacy provided no leadership (was under lockdown). The different empires chose Popes for themselves. This (1378 - 1417) created different factions of Catholicism.

Council of Constance

This council ended the crisis by electing a new Pope and moving the Papacy back to Rome.

Medieval University system

Students started school between 13 to 16, they would sit on benches and memorize everything the professor said. Lesson about arithmetic, genometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic (liberal arts). There was an advanced master's degree available in subjects such as medicine, law, and theology. Courses based on if the book was published. The Crusades brought back an influx of literature from the middle east, made learning more common, and knowledge more abundant.

Dante Alighieri

He wrote the Inferno, a divine comedy where he traveled to hell (inferno), purgatory, and heaven and had conversations with people across history, actions determine the afterlife. He wrote the Divine Comedy

Joan of Arc

King Edward III of England claimed the French throne. This launched the 100 years war (1337 - 1453). England won most of the battles, and King Charles VII was getting anxious. \_____, a 17 year old girl, started getting visions and she approached Charles VII, and was appointed the new commander. This boosted morale, and France started winning wars. Eventually, England captured her and she was burnt at the stake for being a witch.

Battle of Hastings

This battle was launched by William of Normandy. The Normans invaded Enlgand and tried to capture the throne. Hardol Godswin and William fought, William came out successful, and was crowned the King of England on 12/25/1066.

Henry II

An English monarch who took the throne in 1154. He implemented the common law legal system based on court rulings and local customs. Send out justices to enforce the law. It was commonly enforced, and the idea was the same, leading to more unity and support. He gained money through court fees (people were more willing to go to a royal court). Heused a jury system, similar to the modern jury system. He also increased the tax of clergy members. Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury opposed this and was killed and he then chose to revoke this law.

Magna Carta

An agreement between nobles, who were angered by high taxes, and King John. This gave the nobles, and eventually all citizens, certain rights. Some of which include Due Process and Habeas Corpus. It was signed at Runnymede in 1215. It also formed the Great Council, which evolved into Parliament.

King John

He was the son of King Henry. He lost Normandy to France's King Philip II. He colally rejected Pope Innocent III's appointment of a new Archbishop of Canterbury and was excommunicated, then an interdict was placed on England. This caused an uprising, and he had to apologize and pay a fee to the Papacy. This caused a raise in taxes, the nobles dissented and forced King John to sign the Great Charter. This stated the King was equal to the people and had to follow the law.

Estates General

A representative assembly in France created by Philip IV (2385 - 1314). This was composed of the nobles, clergy, and commoners. They would come together, and discuss issues. They had no document and thus no official power of the Monarchy, however, this was a chance to get represented in the government.