Acids, Bases, and Salts

Flashcards about acids, bases, salts, and pH

What is acid rain and what does it damage?

Acid rain damages forests and stone structures and can kill fish, plants, and other organisms living in bodies of water.

What helped reduce acid rain?

Government regulations and modern technologies

What does the word 'acid' mean?

The word acid is derived from the Latin word acidus, which means “tart” or “sour.”

What acid is in vinegar?

Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. Commonly called acetic acid.

What acid is in your stomach?

Hydrochloric acid, HCl, which is used to digest food.

What are alkaline solutions?

Various solutions that contain bases

What is a salt?

An ionic compound that usually consists of positive metal ions and negative nonmetal ions. Salts are produced when acids and bases react with one another. Dissolved salts in solution are electrolytes.

What acid does Hydrochloric acid contain?

Hydrogen chloride .Hydrogen chloride forms hydronium ions, making the compound an acid.

What ions does Sodium hydroxide form in water?

Hydroxide ions, making this compound a base.

What is the Arrhenius Model of Acids and Bases?

Acids are compounds that dissociate and form hydrogen cations, H+, in an aqueous solution. Bases are ionic compound that releases a hydroxide ion, OH− , when it dissociates in aqueous solution.

What is a monoprotic acids?

Acids with only one hydrogen that can be ionized, such as hydrochloric acid, HCl, and nitric acid, HNO3

What is a diprotic acid?

Acids contain two hydrogens that can be ionized, such as Carbonic acid, H2CO3, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4

What is a triprotic acid?

Acids contain three hydrogens that can be ionized, such as Phosphoric acid, H3PO4

What is the Brønsted-Lowry Model of Acids and Bases?

An acid is a hydrogen-ion donor and a base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor.

What is a conjugate acid?

The ion or molecule formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion.

What is a conjugate base?

The ion or molecule that remains after an acid donates a hydrogen ion.

What is a conjugate acid-base pair?

Consists of two ions or molecules related by the loss or gain of one hydrogen ion.

What does amphoteric mean?

It means it can act as either an acid (donate H+) or a base (accept H+).

What is the Lewis Model of Acids and Bases?

A Lewis base is a substance that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. A Lewis acid is a substance that accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.

What happens to [H3O+] AND [OH−] when water self-ionizes?

Pure water ionizes to a minimal extent to form hydronium ions (H3O+) and hydroxide ions (OH−).

What is Kw?

In water or aqueous solutions at 25°C, the product of the hydronium-ion concentration and the hydroxide-ion concentration, known as the ion-product constant for water (Kw), equals 1.0 × 10−14.

What is pH?

The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration. Represented using the following equation. pH = −log[H3O+]

What does pH mean relative to acidity?

The smaller the pH value, the more acidic is the substance or solution. The larger the pH value, the more basic is the substance or solution.

What is pOH?

pOH = −log [OH−]. You can use pH and pOH to rewrite the Kw expression. pH + pOH = 14.

What classifies a solution as acidic, neutral, or basic?

A solution is acidic, neutral, or basic depending on whether its hydronium ion concentration is greater than, equal to, or less than its hydroxide ion concentration.

What is ionization?

The classification of acids and bases as strong or weak is based on the degree to which they ionize in water.

What produces acid rain?

Acid rain has pH levels lower than 4.3, as it contains SOx and NOx.

What is neutralization?

A reaction in which an acid and a base in an aqueous solution produce a salt and water

Mole Ratio

The ratio between the numbers of moles of substances involved in a reaction

Salt Hydrolysis

A process in which the cations or anions of a dissociated salt accept hydrogen ions from water or donate hydrogen ions to water.

Neutral Ions

Cations (such as Na+) or anions (such as Cl−) that do not interfere with pH.

Acid-Base Titrations

An important method for investigating the interactions of acids and bases is a titration, in which a volume of a solution of known concentration is added to a solution of known volume but unknown concentration.

Standard Solution

The solution of known concentration used in titrations

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration where neutralization occurs when the numbers of moles of H3O+ and OH− are equal.

Acid-Base Indicator

A material that changes color at the equivalence point, called an acid-base indicator.

Titration Curve

The graph of the unknown solution’s pH versus the volume of standard solution added during a titration

Buffer

A solution in which pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid or base are added

Acidosis

When blood pH is less than 7.35, a condition called acidosis occurs. It is often caused by too much CO2 in the blood

Alkalosis

When blood pH is greater than 7.45. It is often caused by too little CO2 or H3O+ in the blood.

Buffer systems consist of?

Either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. They can react with H3O+ and OH− ions.

Buffer capacity

A measure of the amount of acid or base that may be added to a buffer system before a significant change in pH happens.

Buffer range

The overall pH range in which a buffer system is effective at maintaining a relatively constant pH.