memory development docx

Memory Development

Focuses on measuring memory in infancy and childhood, exploring the structure and existence of memory in these developmental stages.

Metacognition

The topic of the next lecture after memory development, involves understanding one's own thought processes and cognitive abilities.

Long-term Memory

A component of memory proposed by Hev, distinct from short-term memory, involves storing information for a longer duration.

Short-term Memory

Another component of memory proposed by Hev, distinct from long-term memory, involves temporarily holding and processing information.

Two Systems Model

Suggested by Atkinson and Shifrin, states that short-term memory is essential for information to enter long-term memory, highlighting the relationship between the two memory systems.

Neuropsychological Patients

Individuals with brain injuries used to study memory models, such as the two systems model, to understand how memory functions in different scenarios.

Baddeley and Hitch's Memory Model

Proposed in the 1970s, introduced distinctions within short-term memory to better capture the structure of memory and the roles of its components.

Central Executive

The core component of short-term memory associated with the frontal lobes responsible for controlling behavior and attention, similar to a CEO managing other aspects of memory.

Visual Spatial Sketch Pad

A sub-component of memory primarily associated with the right hemisphere used for rehearsing visual and spatial information, including mental images and body positioning in space.

Phonological Loop

A sub-component of memory associated with auditory information, consisting of rehearsal and storage abilities for processing audio information, distinct from visual information.

Episodic Buffer

An additional component added to the memory model by Baddeley and Hitch responsible for binding information from different sources like visual and auditory into episodes, allowing conscious awareness of memories.

Fluid Structures

Components of the memory model including the visual spatial sketch pad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop identified by Baddeley as active structures in short-term memory for rehearsing information before it moves to long-term memory or is forgotten.

Crystallized Structures

Referring to long-lasting memories that persist over time and are not always conscious, contrasting with fluid structures in the memory model that are actively used in short-term memory for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Short-term memory

Involves holding information without manipulation, while working memory includes holding and manipulating information actively.

Declarative memory

Refers to consciously recollecting facts or information, which can be true or false, representing knowledge about the world.

Non-declarative memory

Involves non-conscious memory processes expressed in performance, such as procedural memory for skills like riding a bike.

Anterograde amnesia

Refers to the inability to form new memories post-injury or operation, as seen in the case of patient HM.

Episodic buffer

Component of working memory that binds visual and auditory information into chunks for memory integration.

Childhood Amnesia

The phenomenon where most people struggle to remember events from very early childhood, typically before the age of three or four.

Operant Conditioning Tasks

Tasks where infants are conditioned to associate a behavior with a specific outcome, used to assess memory in infants.

Visual Recognition Tasks

Tasks where infants are presented with old and new stimuli to measure their looking times and assess memory.

Imitation Tasks

Tasks where children are shown actions and later asked to reproduce them, used to gain insight into memory abilities.

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Measure of an infant's physiological changes in response to stimuli, used to assess memory at an implicit level.

Implicit measures

Indirect methods used to assess something when direct access to the information is not possible, requiring cautious interpretation of results.

Memory development in infancy

Shows improvements in memory speed and ease of memory formation, with infants being able to retain memories for longer periods and with fewer cues as they age.

Working memory in infancy

Adele Diamond suggests the presence of working memory in infants as early as eight months old, demonstrated through tasks like the A0B search task.

A0B search task

Task assessing working memory in infants, where they need to remember the location of a hidden object, showing improvements in memory abilities between eight to twelve months old.

Factor analysis

Statistical technique used to analyze performance across various tasks to identify underlying factors or components, such as in studying the structure of working memory in children.

Phonological awareness

Proposed as a component of working memory in children, distinct from the phonological loop, involving the ability to encode, access, and manipulate sound units (phonemes) in language.

Phonological Loop

A component of working memory responsible for the temporary storage of auditory information.

Phonological Awareness

The ability to recognize and manipulate the sound units of language.

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify underlying relationships between variables.

Working Memory

The cognitive system responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Episodic Buffer

A component of working memory responsible for integrating information from different sources.

Non-verbal Ability

Cognitive abilities not involving language or verbal information.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

A statistical technique used to confirm the fit of a proposed model to the data.

Domain General Working Memory

A working memory model where a single resource is used for different types of information.

Domain Specific Working Memory

A working memory model where separate resources are used for different types of information.

Ventral Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region involved in maintenance tasks in working memory.

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region involved in maintenance and processing tasks in working memory.

Recognition Tasks

Tasks that test whether a participant remembers something without requiring working memory.

Working Memory Abilities

Skills related to the active maintenance and manipulation of information in the mind.

Frontal Lobes

Brain regions associated with executive functions like working memory, reasoning, and planning.

Baddeley and Hitch's Model

A theoretical framework describing working memory as a system with multiple components.

Childhood Amnesia

The inability to recall early childhood memories, potentially influenced by factors like self-development and language acquisition.

A not B Search Task

An experimental task involving both inhibitory control and working memory in infants.

Executive Function

Cognitive processes like working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility that regulate goal-directed behavior.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is strengthened through reinforcement or punishment.

Deferred Imitation

The ability to imitate actions observed in the past, indicating memory retention over time.

Gaze Following

A behavior used to study social cognition in infants, not typically employed to assess memory development.