Key Aspects of the Renaissance and Reformation

Italy's three advantages

Thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome.

Plague influence on wages and art

It killed up to 60% in some towns, increasing wages and encouraging wealthy patronage of the arts.

Medici family contribution

They controlled Florence by giving money to the ruling council and supported artists.

Classical heritage use by artists

They drew on ancient Greek and Roman influences surrounding Italian cities.

Humanism

An intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements based on classical studies.

Humanities subjects

History, literature, and philosophy.

Renaissance conflict with the Church

Humanists valued material luxuries and secularism, clashing with traditional Church values.

Secularism

Worldly concerns focusing on the here and now rather than religious matters.

Renaissance Man

A man educated in many areas, witty, and versed in the classics, literature, and poetry.

Isabella d'Este

A noblewoman who brought artists to her court and promoted art collection.

Perspective in Renaissance art

A technique showing three dimensions on a flat surface.

Realism in Renaissance art

Depicting subjects in true form with natural postures and personalities.

Sistine Chapel ceiling painter

Michelangelo.

Vernacular in Renaissance writing

Writers used their own native language instead of classical Latin.

Key ideas of Machiavelli's The Prince

Rulers must be strong and shrewd, prioritizing political effectiveness over morality.

Topics of women writers

Personal subjects rather than politics.

Renaissance spread to Northern Europe

Population growth rebounded after the plague and war; rulers became patrons of the arts.

Renaissance ideas blending with Northern culture

They mixed Renaissance techniques with Christian values for social reform.

Italian civil war impact

Italian writers and artists fled north, spreading classical ideas.

Style of Northern painters

Realism and the use of oil paints to show individuality and worldly pleasures.

Christian humanists' reform focus

The Church, believing it had failed to inspire true Christian living.

Utopia by Thomas More

A perfect society without greed, corruption, war, or crime.

Christine de Pizan's writings

The unequal treatment of boys and girls in education.

Elizabethan Age

The period from 1558-1603 under Queen Elizabeth I, a patron of the arts.

Queen Elizabeth I support for the arts

She encouraged poetry, music, and literature.

William Shakespeare significance

He is the greatest playwright, inspired by the classics and human flaws.

Printing press inventor and year

Johann Gutenberg in 1440.

Impacts of the printing press

Books became more available, literacy increased, and ideas spread quickly.

Humanism

A cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized classical learning and human potential.

Secularism

The principle of separation from religious institutions and beliefs.

Causes of the Reformation

Secularism, rulers challenging Church authority, corrupt leadership, and resentment over taxes.

Criticisms of the Catholic Church (what ppl complained about)

Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes, and poorly educated priests.

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

Reformers who stressed the Bible's authority over the clergy.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's protests against the selling of indulgences by Friar Johann Tetzel.

Indulgences

Pardons that release a person from penalty for sin.

Luther's main teachings

Salvation by faith alone, the Bible as the sole authority, and equality of all believers.

Pope and Emperor's response to Luther

He was excommunicated and declared a heretic.

Edict of Worms

A decree that declared Luther an outlaw and heretic.

Outcome of the Peasants' Revolt

It was crushed, with about 100,000 peasants killed.

Peace of Augsburg

An agreement that each prince could decide his state's religion.

Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church

He wanted a male heir and the Pope refused to annul his marriage.

Act of Supremacy

It made Henry VIII the official head of England's Church.

Religious changes under Queen Elizabeth I

The Anglican Church was established, blending Protestant and Catholic elements.

John Calvin

A theologian who taught predestination and led Geneva as a theocracy.

Predestination according to Calvinism

The belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

Geneva under John Calvin's rule

Strict, with punishments for not following religious laws.

Presbyterians and Huguenots

Followers of Calvinism in Scotland (Presbyterians) and France (Huguenots).

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits and wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Purpose of the Jesuits

To create excellent schools and defend Catholicism.

Decisions made at the Council of Trent

Church interpretation of the Bible is final; faith and good works needed for salvation; banned false indulgence selling.

Major impacts of the Reformation

Protestantism spread, church authority declined, monarchs gained power, and Enlightenment ideas emerged.

Scientific Revolution

A shift from reliance on old authorities to new scientific methods and discoveries (1542-1700).

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Exploration, new translations, new inventions, and scientific institutions.

Nicolaus Copernicus' proposal

A heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe.

Johannes Kepler's support for Copernicus

He proved planets move in elliptical orbits through mathematical formulas.

Galileo's invention and discovery

A telescope; observed moons and stars moving, challenging Church doctrine.

Galileo's trial by the Catholic Church

His discoveries contradicted Church teachings about the heavens.

Francis Bacon's contribution to science

Promoted experimentation and helped develop the Scientific Method.

William Harvey's discovery

The heart acts as a pump to circulate blood.

Andreas Vesalius

He dissected human bodies and published detailed anatomical drawings.

Steps of the Scientific Method

Observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion.

René Descartes' contributions to science

Developed analytical geometry, linking algebra and geometry.