Ap Hug Vocab semester 1

Political Geography

The study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power that different groups hold over territory

State

A politically organized independent territory with a government , defined boarders, and a permanent population- in short, a country

Sovereignty

The right of a government to control and defend it’s territory and determine what happens withing it’s boarders

Nations

Cultural entities, meaning that they are made up of individuals who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, ethnicity, ot heritage

Nation-State

Territory occupied by group who view themselves as a nation is the same as the politically recognized boundaries of the state they call their own

Mutistate Nation

Consists of people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more. than one country

Irredentism

A policy of advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it

Multinational State

A country with various ethnicities and culktures living inside it’s boarders

Autonomous/Semiautonomous

Regions that are given some authority to govern their own territories independently from the national government

Stateless nation

People united by culture, lenguage, history, and tradition but not possessing a state

Territoriality

The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

Colonialism

The practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies

Choke Point

A narrow, strategic passageways to another place through which it is difficult to pass

Shatterbelts

Territoriality an the quest for political power sometimes lead to instability in regions known as shatterbelts

Self-Determination

The right of all people to choose their own political status

Imperialism

The push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples

Devolution

When the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within it’s boarders

Defining Boundaries

Countries explicitly state in a legally binding documentation such as a treaty where their boarders are located, using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude and longitude

Delimiting Boundaries

Drawing boundaries on a map in accordance with a legal agreement, as the United States did in it;s 1848 treaty with Mexico

Demarcating Boundaries

Showing boundaries in their physical place using plysical objects such as pillars, stones, walls, or fences

Administering Boundaries

Managing the way boundaries are maintained and how goods and people will cross them

Antecedent Boundaries

Boundaries that are established before many people settle into an area

Subsequent Boundaries

Boundaries that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people and where cultural landscapes already exist or are in the process of being established

Consequent Boundaries

A type of subsequent boundary. Consequent boundaries take into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits

Superimposed Boundaries

Boundaries that are drawn over existing accepted borders, by an outside or conquering force

Geometric Boundaries

Mathematical and typically follow lines of latitude and longitude, or are straight-line arcs between two points, instead of following physical and cultural features

Relic Boundaries

Former boundaries that once existed but no longer have an official function

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Established the structure of maritime boundaries, stating that a country’s territorial seas extend 12 nautical miles off it’s coast

Exclusive Economic Zone

Extends 200 nautical miles off of a countries coast

Definiton

In political geography, the written legal description (In a treaty like a document) of a boundary between two countries or territories

delimitation

In political geography, the translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic representation

Demarcation

In political geography, the actual placing of a political boundary on the landscape by means of barriers, fences, walls, or other markers

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

A region where military forces and equipment are prohibited, usually established as a buffer between hostile countries or factions to reduce the risk of conflict

Berlin Conference

A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. It resulted in the “Scramble for Africa” and the subjugation of African nations

Buffer State

A state between two more powerful states to act as a “buffer”

Satellite State

A country that is nominally independent but is under the influence and sometimes control of another much larger nation

Landlocked State

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

Federal State

Power is held by regional units, such as the states of the U.S. These units typically have their own governments that maintain some autonomy and hold substantial power

Unitary State

More power is help by a central government that maintains authority over all the states’s territory, its regional unitys, and it’s people

Concurrent

Shared powers, like levying taxes, making and enforcing laws, establishing courts, and borrowing money

Reapportionment

Seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated to different states

Electoral College

A set of people -called electors- who are chosen to elect a president

Redistricting

A state’s internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the U.S. House of Representatives and the states legislature are redrawn to accurately reflect the new sentence date

Gerrymandering

The party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature typically draws legislative maps with partisan advantage that favors their party over any other

Packing a District

When local population data is used to draw a district that is full of the opposing party’s voters

Cracking a District

The practice of splitting up the opposition party’s voters across many districts, thereby diluting their electorial strength

Majority-Minority Districts

Minorities made up the majority of voters in these districts, the districts were designed to help ensure, for example, that African American voters could elect their candidates of choice. Gerrymandered districts have resulted in an increase in the number of minority representatives in Congress

Supranational Organization

An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge that these countries share

Economies of Scale

Where more goods and services can be produced for less money on average

Ethnic Separatism

occurs when people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state

Centrifugal

A force that tears states apart

Centripetal

A force that brings a state together

Ethnonationalism

When the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, and language

Ethnic Nationalism

Puts up barriers for participation in the life of the state, because identifying a country by ethnicity, religion, and language excludes people who don’t fit within those parameters

Ethnic Cleansing

The state government may attack an ethnic group and try to eliminate it through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing

relocation diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people

expansion diffusion

the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in suck a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger resulting in an expanding area of dissemination

contagious diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population by contact from person to person

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power in other persons or places

Stimulus diffusion

A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

hearth

the region from which innovative ideas or cultural traits originate

distance decay

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it’s origin

time-space compression

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transport systems

globalization

the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact

environmental determinism

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development

possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

region

an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features

functional region

an area organized around a node or focal point defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it; also known as nodal region

formal region

a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogenous region

vernacular region

an area that people believe exists as pat of their cultural identity and not as a physically demarcated entity; also known as perceptual region

cottage industry

manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution

industrial revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

least-cost-theory

model developed by alfred weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses; labor, transportation, and agglomeration

agglomeration

a process of clustering or concentrating of people or activities, the term ofter refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities

bulk-reducing industry

an industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

bulk-gaining industry

an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the imputs

infanstructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (such as buildings, roads, and public utilities) needed for operation of a society

break-of bulk point

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

labor-intensive

an industry for which labor costs compromise a high percentage of total expenses

quaternary sector

service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services

quinary sector

service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skills. Examples include scientific research or high-level management

primary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

secondary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

tertiary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment

gross domestic product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services , withing the boarders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year

gross national product (GNP)

the total value of all the goods and services produced by a countries citizens and companies both domestically and internationally

gross national income (GNI)

the total income of a country’s residents and businesses, including investment income, regardless of where it was earned as well as money received from abroad such as foreign investment and development aid

formal economy

the part of the economy that has government supervision monitory, and protection, are also taxed

informal economy

any part of a country’s economy that is not officially recorded, monitored, regulated, or taxed by government

Human development index (HDI)

indicator of the development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, education, and life expectancy

aritmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

physiological density

the number of people per unit of an area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

carrying capacity

the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present

urban area

a central city and it’s surrounding built-up suburbs, with at least 50,000

metacities

cities with population higher than 20 million

megacities

cities with population higher than 10 million

crude birth rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people in the population