Muscle Physiology

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38 Terms

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Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle; controlled unconsciously. Non-striated muscle, one nucleus per cell. In the walls of blood vessels and internal organs; Respiration, digestion, blood circulation.

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Cardiac Muscle

Controls itself with help from nervous and endocrine systems. Striated muscle, one nucleus per cell. Only in the heart; Blood circulation

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Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle; controlled consciously. Striated muscle, multinucleate. Attached to the skeleton; Locomotion, posture, body temperature

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Contractility

The ability to contract or shorten, allowing muscles to generate tension.

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Extensibility

The property of muscles that allows them to be stretched or lengthened beyond their resting length.

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Elasticity

The ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or contracted.

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Excitability

The capacity to receive and respond to stimuli (from the motor neuron, neurotransmitters, hormone, etc).

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Epimysium

A fascia (thin sheath) of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

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Fascicle

A small bundle or cluster of muscle fibers

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Perimysium

Connective tissue extensions from the epimysium that surround each fascicle.

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Endomysium

Connective tissue extensions from the perimysium that surround the muscle fibers and are attached to the sarcolemma.

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Myofibrils

Each muscle fiber contains several hundred to several thousands myofibrils. Each myofibril is composed by a linear series of repeating sarcomeres

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Myofilaments

Are responsible for muscle contraction and composed of thin and thick filaments.

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Sarcolemma

It is a thin cell membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber (cell).

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Sarcomere

Contain the myofilaments, basic contractile unit of striated muscle fibers (Found between Z LINES or Z discs)

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Mitochondria

Power plant of a cell (generates ATP)

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Is a specialized endoplasmic reticulum and regulates calcium storage, release and reuptake

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T-Tubules

Tubules arranged transversely to the myofibril which allows rapid transfer action potentials to the interior of the fiber.

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Action Potential

Rapid change in voltage across a membrane caused by inflow of Na+ and outflow of K+

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Agonist

Muscle responsible for the movement.

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Antagonist

Oppose the agonists to prevent overstretching of them.

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Synergist

Assist the agonists and sometimes fine-tune the direction of movement

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Isometric contraction

Muscle fibers do not change in length

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Concentric contraction

Muscle fibers shorten.

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Eccentric contraction

Muscle fibers lengthen

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Satellite cells

A type of stem cell located in skeletal muscles, involved in muscle growth and repair.

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Myostatin

Produced and secreted by skeletal muscle cells, its primary function is to regulate muscle growth and development by inhibiting the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells.

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Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; where the motor neuron stimulates the muscle fiber to contract.

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Sliding Filament Theory

The mechanism of muscle contraction based on the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other.

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Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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Actin

A thin filament involved in muscle contraction; contains binding sites for myosin.

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Myosin

A thick filament involved in muscle contraction; uses ATP to generate force.

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Troponin

A protein complex that regulates muscle contraction by controlling the interaction of actin and myosin.

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Tropomyosin

A protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules to prevent muscle contraction.

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Z-disc

Serves as the attachment point for the actin thin filaments.

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I-band

The region of the sarcomere that contains only actin thin filaments.

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A-band

The region of the sarcomere that contains the myosin thick filaments and overlapping actin thin filaments.

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M-line

The line in the center of the sarcomere; helps to physically align the myosin thick filaments.