SLPA 251

EXAM 1

Language

exclusively within the brain, a rule-governed system of agreed upon symbols

Speech

a physical motor behavior used to make sounds

Communication

a one on one interaction where meaning in conveyed

Phonology

study of the smallest units of language and their relation to sounds

Morphology

the study of the relation between word parts and their formation

Syntax

words and their arrangement to create a functional sentence

Semantics

word meanings and the relationship between them

Pragmatics

how we use words to accomplish a purpose

Speech

What does The Behavioral Learning Theory best explain?

Syntax & Morphology

What does the Generative/Nativist Theory best explain?

Semantics

What does the Cognitivist Theory best explain?

Pragmatics

What does the Social Constructivist Theory best explain?

Rule-Based Language (Syntax & Semantics)

What does the Emergentism theory best explain?

Generative Nativist

What theory explains the language acquisition of syntax in children older than two years old?

Behaviorism

What theory focuses on stimulus, response, and reinforcement?

Cognitivist

What theory believes thought MUST be produced before language can be achieved?

Social Constructivist

What theory believes language is best learnt through interaction?

Emergentism

What theory believes that language is achieved by creating and using brain networks?

Paralanguage

a form of pure speech that uses features that accompany language (i.e. intonation, stress, rate of delivery, etc.)

Metalanguage

the ability to analyze and talk about language

Nonlinguistic Code

a form of pure communication that does not carry symbolic or language meaning (i.e. body posture, eye contact, facial expression, etc.)

Antonym

words that differ in the opposite value for a single important feature

Synonym

words with almost identical features

Dialect

subcategories of a parent language that use similar-but not identical- rules

Cooperation Principle

conversational participants agree with each other as long as the other provides reasonable enough detail and is direct in manner

Language Acquisition Device

children start at birth with very simple rules and strategies for grammar

Schemes

cognitive organization and structures of an individual used in processing new information

Adaptation

the tendency of all organisms to change in response to their environment

Assimilation

the use of existing schemes to interpret stimuli, experiences, and information (vacuuming up information)

Accommodation

transforming cognitive structures in response to stimuli or information that does not fit any existing scheme, and therefore can not be assimilated (reorganizing knowledge)

Equilibration

a state of balance or harmony between incoming stimuli and the individual’s cognitive structure

Left Hemisphere

What hemisphere of the brain focuses on the small puzzle pieces being put together to form larger thoughts?

contralateral function

right side of brain handles left side of body and vice versa

Right

What hemisphere of the brain focuses on big picture skills?

80%

What percent of adult weight is a two year old’s brain?

Learning

connecting neurons with other neurons

Wernicke’s Area

Area of the brain that plays a primary role in processing language input

Broca’s Area

Area of the brain that plays a primary role in producing spoken language output

Attention

ability to engage, maintain, disengage, and shift focus

Orientation

ability to keep focus over time

Discrimination

the ability to identify differences in stimuli and sort them

Working Memory

ability to hold two stimuli in temporary memory to compare them

Mediation

a form of organizing memory that connects a symbol to another type of information such as a visual stimuli

Association

a form of organizing memory that links one symbol to another

Memory

the ability to store and recall information previously learned

Short Term Memory

temporary storage of information

Long Term Memory

potentially limitless storage of information

Explicit/Declarative Memory

facts, events, and concepts in long term memory

Implicit/Procedural Memory

ability to do something previously learned in long term memory

Passive Processing

quickly looking for patterns in data received

Active Processing

comparing and contrasting information systematically