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Where do immune system cells arise from?
Stem cells in the bones marrow
What are lymphoid progenitor cells?
T cells and B cells
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes—are the cornerstones of the immune system. They are _____________.
the police of the immune system
T cells are important for what immunity? B cells?
T cells are important for cellular immunity. B cells are important for humoral or antibody immunity.
The Development of B cells from stem to plasma cells can be divided into six phases:
1. Diversity
2. Negative selection to make sure they don't attack our own tissue (NEED TO GRADUATE)
3. Secondary lymphoid tissue to mature, graduate school in the lymph node
4. Positive selection, express receptors that can bind to antigens
5. Recirculate throughout the body in search for their pathogen
6. Activation and attack the infection, floods the blood with antibodies, or become memories of the infection
Main stages of B cell development in the bone marrow
1. Stem cell
2. Early pro-B cell
3. Later pro-B cell
4. Large pre-B cell
5. Small pre-B cell
6. Immature B cell
Main stages of B cell development in the secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
1. Immature B cell (High IgM and Low IgD)
2. Immature B cell
3. Mature naive B cell (Low IgM and High IgD)
4. Antigen activated B lymphoblast
5. Antibody secreting plasma cell
6. Memory cell
B-cell development is stimulated by?
bone marrow stromal cells
What gives rise to B cells?
stem cells in the bone marrow
Why do B cells needs stromal cells?
To provide the microenvironmental for the various stages of maturation
Pro B cells develop from the
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Cells at different stages can be identified by
protein markers on their surface
In the bone marrow what are the stages of the H-chain genes?
1. Germline
2. D-J rearrangement
3. V-DJ rearrangement
4. VDJ rearranged
5. VDJ rearranged
6. VDJ rearranged
In the bone marrow what are the stages of the L-chain genes?
1. Germline
2. Germline
3. Germline
4. Germline
5. V-J rearranging
6. VJ rearranged
Which chain genes are rearranged first in the bone marrow?
heavy chains
What does a productive rearrangement enable?
It enables the B cell to proceed to the next stage of development. Rearrangements occur at the H-chain genes on both chromosomes, and if neither is successful the cell dies
What monitors the quality of immunoglobulin heavy chains?
the large pre-B-cell receptor
What happens of the heavy chain of the B cell can't bind to the light chain?
APOPTOSIS
What are the 2 main checkpoints in the B cell development?
They are marked by whether a function receptor is made, which is a test of whether a functional heavy chain or a functional light chain has been produced. Cells that fail either one of these DIE. BY APOPTOSIS.
What is Burkitt Lymphoma?
cancer of lymphocytes
Before the B cell can leave the bone marrow what happens?
It needs to be tested to see if it'll attack your normal tissue
What is receptor editing?
B cells that are too self reactive it can go through rearrangement again.
What is peripheral tolerance?
Self-reactive cells become anergic in the periphery (hopefully will happen if self-reactive cells are not destroyed and travels to the periphery)
What do the B cells do in the primary follicles in the secondary lymphoid tissue?
to mature
What is somatic hypermutation?
rearrangement of Ig genes resulting in various antibodies in which some have higher affinity
What is affinity?
the strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor
What is isotype switching?
cells can change which isotype of antibody they produce when stimulated by specific cytokines
What are cytokines?
chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus
