Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Industrialization

the development of industries for the machine production of goods

Entrepreneur

someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Factory

a plant consisting of buildings with facilities for manufacturing

Capitalism

economic system where private individuals own and control businesses to generate profit.

Factors of Production

land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

What reasons, events, and inventions helped bring about the Industrial Revolution?

Agricultural Revolution,
Population Growth,
New Sources of Energy (coal and steam engine).

How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?

they create ideas and machines, while business involves investment.

What happened to the population of workers during the Industrial Revolution

As a result of population growth there were many more people to work in factories.

What advantages did Great Britain have that other nations in Europe did not?

They had more jobs, new inventions, natural resources, political stability, and a large population

Urbanization

the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

Middle Class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

What were living conditions like in Britain during industrialization ?

Cities were polluted, dangerous, overpopulated, with much poverty and crime

What were the possible dangers of working in a mine or factory?

Mines were very hard to breathe in, cave ins were common, factories were hot, machines were not safe, long hours, poor pay, no breaks

What social class expanded as a result of Industrialization?

the middle class

What were some of the negative effects of industrialization?

pollution, child labor, poverty, imperialism

why did people flock to British cities and towns during the Industrial Revolution?

they went in search of jobs and a better way of life for their families

Stock

a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation

Corporation

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Productivity

(economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time

5 reasons why productivity increased during the Industrial Revolution

growth of population in cities, new technology, increase in number of workers available

what were the 4 effects of the railroad in Great Britain?

Transportation of goods, resources, people, animals

why were other European countries slower to industrialize than Britain

Britain was the first country to develop modern financial institutions which provided the vast amounts of capital needed for the construction and equipping of railroads and large factories, Britain had all the factors of production first

why did non-industrialized countries fall behind?

Great Britain was very careful to keep its' new technologies secret, non industrialized areas were used and exploited by industrial nations

Karl Marx

• German philosophers

• Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto

• Criticized capitalism

• Believed it would lead to socialism and communism

• Said capitalism caused poverty and starvation

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

David Ricardo

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) Considered to be the father of Capitalism

socialism

where the government controls the economy to ensure equality.

utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

union

a collection of people who come together to bring reform to their workplace such as better working conditions, benefits, and better pay

Communism

a form of Socialism that abolishes private ownership

strike

when workers refuse to work and ask for reforms in pay, benefits and working conditions

laissez faire

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs, also known as the invisible hand, coined by Adam Smith

Eli Whitney

an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Jethro Toll

invented seed drill

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

What were 2 warring classes that Marx and Engels outlined in the Communist Manifesto

the Bourgeoisie (upper class) and the proletariat (worker class)

Why did workers join together in unions?

to press for reforms in their places of work; like mines and factories

What were Adam Smith's three natural laws of economics

Law of self-interest
Law of competition
Law of supply and demand

Law of competition

Law of supply and demand

what were some of the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution

Decreased travel times, increased life expectancy, more food, new technologies, better education, cheaper goods

What were two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine and the cotton gin.

The steam engine helped…

with almost every category of work.

the cotton gin helped…

make clothes.

colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

patent

(n.) exclusive rights over an invention; copyright; (v.) to arrange or obtain such rights; (adj.) plain, open to view; copyrighted

the geography of Britain

included flat land, many rivers and deposits of natural resources such as coal and iron

Child Labor

these people were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many of them worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. They worked long hours, had little to no education, and were subjected to dangerous working conditions for little pay

the spread of industrialization

happened in other areas of Europe after Britain, spread to America, lead to competition between industrialized nations