Board Review Part 1 - GA

simple squamous general purpose

air and fluid diffusion

simple squamous local

alveoli, capillaries, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

stratified squamous general purpose

areas of high friction

stratified squamous location

keratinized - skin

non keratinized - oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, and esophagus

simple cuboidal general purpose

secretion, protection, movement

simple cuboidal location

bronchioles, kidney tubules, secretory ducts of small glands

stratified cuboidal general purpose

secretion

stratified cuboidal location

sweat glands

transitional epithelium general purpose

stretch/expansions

transitional epithelium location

urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

simple columnar general purpose

absorption

simple columnar location

stomach, intestines, digestive tract

stratified columnar general purpose

reproductive tract

stratified columnar location

uterus NOT vagina

pseudostratified ciliated columnar general pupose

respiratory tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar location

majority of the pulmonary tract (from nose to bronchioles)

dust cells =

lung

kupffer cells =

liver

microglia =

brain

langerhans =

skin

epidermis layers

• striatum corneum

• striated lucidum

• striatum granulosum

• striatum spinosum

• striatum germinativum

striatum germinativum aka

basal layer

striatum germinativum contains

melanin

striatum lucidum is where

only on soles of feet and palms of hands

epidermis layers mnemonic

cows like green soft grass

dermis layers

• papillary dermis

• reticular dermis

• hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue/ fascia)

dense regular =

tendons and ligaments

dense irregular =

dermis of skin

elastic =

blood vessels

reticular =

lymph nodes and spleen

type I collagen fibers =

found in bone, tendons, and organs

type II collagen fibers =

found in mainly cartilage

type III collagen fibers =

found mainly in reticular fibers

extrinsic muscles of the tongue =

• palatoglossus

• styloglossus

• hypoglossus

• genioglossus

styloglossus, hypoglossus, and genioglossus are innervated by what nerve

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

palatoglossus is innervated by what nerve

CN X (vagus nerve)

palatoglossus action

elevated tongue

styloglossus action

elevate and retract tongue

hypoglossus action

depress and retract tongue

genioglossus action

depress and protrude tongue

intrinsic muscles of the tongue

• superior longitudinal

• inferior longitudinal

• transverse

• vertical

what nerve are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

frenulum =

attaches tongue to floor of mouth; separates anterior and posterior spaces

taste buds classifications

• circumvallate

• filiform

• fungiform

• foliate

circumvallate =

largest and fewest; located anterior to sulcus terminalis

filiform =

smallest, most numerous; not involved with taste

fungiform =

first taste bud on the tongue

foliate =

located on sides of tongue

stylohyoid in innervated by

CN VII (facial nerve)

digastric anterior belly is innervated by

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

digastric posterior belly is innervated by

CN VII (facial nerve)

mylohyoid is innervated by

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

geniohyoid is innervated by

C1 spinal nerve via CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

thyrohyoid is innervated by

C1 spinal nerve via CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

omohyoid is innervated by

ansa cervicalis

sternohyoid is innervated by

ansa cervicalis

are pharyngeal (adenoids) single or double tonsils

single

where are pharyngeal located

on roof of nasopharynx

swelling of pharyngeal tonsils can occlude opening of

eustachian tube

are tubal tonsils single or bilateral

bilateral

tubal tonsils location

inside mucosa of lateral walls of the nasopharynx

are palatine tonsils single or bilateral

bilateral

palatine tonsils location

either side of the oropharynx within the isthmus of fauces

are lingual tonsils single or bilateral

single

lingual tonsils location

base of posterior 1/3 of tongue

posterior cricoarytenoids action

abducts vocal folds; opens glottis

lateral cricoarytendois action

adducts vocal folds

thyroarytenoids action

relaxes vocal ligament

what vocal cord is responsible for low pitch sounds

thyroarytenoids

cricothyroid action

tenses and lengthens vocal ligament

which vocal cord is responsible for high pitch sounds

cricothyroid

glottis =

part of larynx consisting of vocal cords and the opening between them; responsible for voice production

3 unpaired (single) laryngeal cartilages

• thyroid

• cricoid

• epiglottis

thyroid carilage level

C4-5

thyroid cartilage forms

laryngeal prominence (adams apple) and superior and inferior horns (cornu)

cricoid cartilage level

C6

cricoid cartilage transition between

larynx and trachea

cricoid cartilage articulates with what cartilage

arytenoid

during swallowing the epiglottis …..

flattens and moves posteriorly to close off the larynx and prevent aspiration

3 paired laryngeal cartilages

• arytenoid

• corniculate

• cuneiform

arytenoids attaches to ….

vocal cords

carotid triangle boundaries

• sternocleidomastoid muscle

• posterior belly of digastic muscle

• superior belly of omohyoid muscle

carotid triangle contents

• carotid arteries

• internal jugular vein

• vagus nerve

submandibular/ digastric boundaries

• anterior belly of digastric muscle

• posterior belly of digastric muscle

• inferior border of mandible

submandibular / carotid triangle contents

• salivary glands

• hypoglossal nerve

• myohyoid nerve

muscular/ inferior carotid triangle boundaries

• sternocleidomastoid muscle

• superior belly of omohyoid muscle

• midline of the neck

muscular / inferior carotid triangle contents

• larynx

• trachea

• thyroid gland

superior / submental triangle boundaries

• anterior belly of digastric muscle

• hyoid bone

• midline of neck

superior / submental triangle contents

• submental lymph nodes

• muscles of floor of mouth

• salivary glands and ducts

occipital triangle boundaries

• sternocleidomastoid

• trapezius

• inferior belly of omohyoid

occipital triangle contents

• cervical plexus

• spinal accessory nerve CN XII

subclavian/ supraclavicular/ omoclavicular triangle boundaries

• sternocleidomastoid muscle

• inferior belly of omohyoid muscle

• clavicle

subclavian/ supraclavicular/ omoclavicular triangle contents

• brachial plexus

• subclavian artery

• transverse cervical artery

• suprascapular artery

• terminal portion external jugular vein

what are the anterior triangles of the neck

• carotid

• submandibular digastric

• muscullar/ inferior carotid

• suprahyoid/ submental

what are the posterior triangles of the neck

• occipital

• subclavian/ supraclavicular/ omoclavicular

anterior triangles boundaries

• SCM

• midline of neck

• inferior border of mandible

posterior triangles boundaries

• SCM

• traps

• middle 1/3rd of clavicle

thoracic inlet aka

superior thoracic aperture

thoracic inlet is continuous with

root of neck

thoracic inlet is the opening for

nerves and blood vessels supplying the head, neck, and arms