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Signature

Is the name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

Guided Signature

– a signature that is writer's hand or arm is steadied in any way. Such a signature authenticates a legal document, provided it is writer requested the assistance. Guided signatures are most commonly written during a serious illness or on a deathbed. (Kinds of Signature)

inert hands

refers to completely involuntary, incapability of motor and the signatory may be conscious or even unconscious (illiterate persons). types of guided signature**

guided hands

The situation is one which the person providing the guidance usually dominates the writing process and provides a greater portion of control.

forced hands

signatory is forced to write against his will by threats, constraints and the like

Assisted hands

one in which the person assisting provides help to lesser degree, perhaps only to the point of steadying a tremulous arm or hand, without actually directing the movement of the writing instrument

Imitated Signature

– synonymous with freehandforgery.

Model Signature

a genuine signature that has been used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery.

Theory of Comparison

– the act of setting two or more signature in an invented position to weight their identifying significance to see under normal comparison may readily be seen under this theory

Formal

- Complete the correct signature for an important document suchas will.

Informal (Cursory)

- usually for routine documents and personal correspondence

Direct Technique

forger works directly with ink

Indirect Technique

forger works first withpencilandafterwards cover the pencil strokes with ink

Carbon Process

the forger places the document tobeforgedonthe bottom, interleaves a piece of carbon paper andplacesontopa document containing the genuine signature. Theforgerthentraces over the genuine signature with a pencil, penstylus,orother sharp pointed instrument.

Indentation Process

The document containingthemodelsignature is placed on top of the forged document. Theforgertraces with considerable pressure over the genuine signatureusingpencil, pen stylus or similar sharp pointedinstrumentandcreates an indented signature outline on the documentbeingforged. Later, this impression outline is overwrittenusingpencil,or direct ly wi th a fountain pen or any s imilarwritinginstrument

Transmitted Light Process

the document to be forgedisplacedon the top of the document containing the genuinesignature.Thetwo documents are superimposed over a light sourceonatransparent flat surface. The forger traces the outlinewitheitherapencil or pen following the outline of the genuine signaturesetinabold relief by the light in the back of it.

Spurious Signature

a fraudulent signature inwhichtherewasno apparent attempt to simulation or limitation. Forgerdoesnottry to copy a model but writes something resemblingwhatweordinarily call a signature. For this, he uses a false (spurious)nameand makes a rapid stroke, disturbing his usual writingbyadoptingacamouflage called disguise. This kind of forgery is easilydetectedasfraudulent in view of the fact that it is widely differentfromtheother genuine signature even in general appearance alone.

Simulated or Freehand Imitation Forgery

is a fraudulent signature which was executed purely by simulation ratherthanby tracing the outline of a genuine signature. It refers to the freehand drawing in imitation of a model signature.

Simulated with the model before the forger

–The forger makes an effort to obtain a reproduction of the model signature.He works slowly, stroke after stroke

Alteration

This is any changes which give the document adifferenteffectfrom that which is originally possessed.

s an act purposelydoneonaninstrument by a party thereto or one beneficially interestedthereinwhich effects a change in the sense or language of the instrument.

obliteration

Is the process of writing over text with the intensionof hiding or destroying the original information

Forgery

Is a purposeful attempt to make a fraudulent COPYof something,whether it is a signature, money or a piece of art.

Physical/Mechanical erasures

physical removal of writing,impressions, or parts thereof may be accomplishedbytheabrasion of the surface of paper with the helpof rubbererasureor sharp instruments such as razor, blades, scalpel, knife, etc

Chemical Erasures

are those in which some chemicals are usedto erase part of the document. The chemical applicationsareusually strong oxidizing agents that conceal the inkbychangingthe properties of the colored substance. These mayincludeacidsor alkali as oxalic acid, potassiumpermanganate.

Chemical Erasures

Microscopic examination of erasure may show discoloration or staining on the paper where the treatmentwascarried out. Ultraviolet lighting and infrared luminescencecanalsobe used to reveal erased writing by highlighting invisibleresiduesofthe original ink left embedded in the paper.

Indented Writing

These are impressions of the original made in the next sheet of paper in a p a d

albert osborn

theFather of Document Examination.

Typewriter

A writing machine with a keyboard for reproducingletter,figures,symbols and other resembling printed ones

. Pica Type

has big prints and can type 10 characters to an inch and 85characters on a sheet of paper

Elite Type

is a type of typewriter that can type 12character to an inch and 102 characters on one whole sheet of paper.

Typewriter Using Single element or Ball

All typewriter machine capable of typing 10 or 12 CPI. Changing the horizontal spacing is done easily by the flip of a switch.

Typewriter Using Print Wheel (Electro Typewriter)

This is a typewriter equipped with a disc type device called a print wheel.This contains all characters represented on the keyboard. This machine has the capability to typing 10, 12, and 15, letters per inch

Type Face

the printing surface of the type block. With most modern typewriter, this block is attached at the end of a movable armortype bar which propels the type face against the ribbonandpapertomake the typewriter impression.

Defects .

describe any abnormality or maladjustment in a typewriterwhich is reflected in its works and which leads to its individualizationor identification

Horizontal mal-alignment

– occurs as typewriter individualities when a character defectively strikes to the right or left of its normal allotted striking positio