CYBERCRIME

Cybercrime

Illegal activities using computers, networks, or digital devices

Cybercrime Goals

financial gain, personal, or political motives

Cybercrime Scope

theft of personal data, network disruptions affecting individuals, businesses, or government

Cybercrime Perpetrators

individuals or organized groups

Cybercrime Impact

identity theft, financial loss, privacy violations

Types of Cybercrime

Hacking (unauthorized access); Cyberbullying (online harassment); Identity theft (misuse of personal information); Computer fraud (scams and phishing).

Hacking

– unauthorized access to systems

Cyberbullying

– online harassment

Identity theft

– misuse of personal info

Computer fraud

– scams and phishing

Importance of Understanding Cybercrime

• Safeguards finances and personal information

• Promotes digital security awareness

• Supports safe online policies.

Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA 10175)

Provides a robust framework to combat cybercriminals ○ Aims to safeguard digital security

○ Primary law that defines and penalizes offenses:

■ Hacking, online fraud, cyberlibel, identity theft

■ Illegal interception of data

■ Cybersex, child pornography, libel

Illegal Access

Unauthorized entry into computer systems; Protects data from intrusion.

Data Interference

Unauthorized alteration, damage, deletion, or deterioration of computer data and infrastructure

Content-Related Crimes

Creation/distribution of illegal content such as cybersex, child pornography, and spam.

Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173)

Regulates collection, storage, and processing of personal data; Grants privacy rights; Requires data protection.

Protection of Children from Online Sexual Abuse Act (RA 11930)

Targets online exploitation of minors; Criminalizes production and distribution of abuse materials; Requires child safety measures.

Intellectual Property Code (RA 8293)

Addresses online piracy, copyright infringement, unauthorized digital content distribution

○ Protects creators’ rights

Impact on Individuals

Financial loss from scams and fraud; Emotional distress; Privacy violations from data exposure.

Financial loss

: scams, identity theft, unauthorized bank access

■ Direct monetary theft occurs through scams, phishing, and identity fraud. Attackers create unauthorized accounts or purchases, causing significant economic damage

Emotional distress

: anxiety, fear, psychological impact

Privacy violations

: Sensitive personal data is exposed through hacking and phishing. This unauthorized collection and misuse lead to a profound and lasting loss of individual privacy.

Impact on Organizations

○ Social disruption, data breaches, reputational damage

■ Effects range from widespread network outages crippling businesses and governments, to severe personal harm such as cyberbullying and online exploitation

○ Financial loss, reduced customer trust

■ Large-scale theft of sensitive company and customer data leads to enormous financial losses and erodes public trust in the affected organizations

○ Extreme cases: halted operations, long-term setbacks

Impact on Society

○ Undermines public confidence in digital systems

○ Risks to national security: attacks on government, infrastructure, services

○ Economic instability: cyberespionage, IP theft, ransomware

Identity Theft

– Criminals steal personal information to impersonate individuals.

■ This results in severe financial drains and long-term reputational repercussions for victims

Corporate Data Breaches

– Large-scale theft of sensitive company and customer data leads to enormous financial losses and erodes public trust in the affected organizations

Cybercriminals

● Individuals or groups using digital devices and networks to commit illegal activities

○ Range from lone actors to sophisticated organizations ○ Employ hacking, phishing, scams, and other evolving tactics

● Crimes: Hacking, identity theft, phishing, scamming, cyber fraud

Cybercrime Goals / Motivations

○ Financial Gain – Seek profit via fraudulent schemes, data exploitation, or direct theft from individuals and organizations

○ Espionage – Theft of sensitive personal, corporate, or government data for competitive or strategic purposes

○ Personal Agendas – Driven by personal or political motives, expressing grievances, or advancing specific ideologies

○ Financial Gain

– Seek profit via fraudulent schemes, data exploitation, or direct theft from individuals and organizations

○ Espionage

– Theft of sensitive personal, corporate, or government data for competitive or strategic purposes

○ Personal Agendas

– Driven by personal or political motives, expressing grievances, or advancing specific ideologies

Cybercriminals Characteristics

: Diverse and constantly evolving methods and tactics

Hacking

Unauthorized access to systems;

Exploits vulnerabilities to steal personal or organizational data

Often involves installing malicious software (malware)

■ Not inherently malicious, but commonly used in cybercrime

○ Targets: computers, mobile devices

○ Purpose: gain access to sensitive data

Identity Theft

Unauthorized use of personal information (name, private info);

○ Methods: scamming, phishing

○ Result: open new accounts, make purchases, or engage in fraud using victim’s identity

Scamming

– Deceptive tactics tricking individuals into giving money, personal info, or assets

○ Relies on emotions: fear, urgency, greed

Phishing

– Deceptive cyber-attack using fake emails, texts, calls, ads

○ Goal: trick individuals into sharing personal/sensitive data or downloading malicious files

○ Tactics: create urgency or alarm, pressure to act quickly

○ Consequences: identity theft, financial fraud, unauthorized account access

Cyberbullying

– Online harassment such as hurtful messages, mean comments, emotional harm via social media, messaging apps, websites.

○ Includes spreading rumors, sharing humiliating content

○ Characteristics: happens 24/7, unlike face-to-face bullying

○ Impact: emotional distress, anxiety, depression

31%

Global cyber threats surged __ from 2020 to 2021

~1.5 million

Over 4,000 cyberattacks daily, totaling ___ incidents annually

26%

■ Regional Distribution (2021) ● Asia –

24%

■ Regional Distribution (2021) ● Europe –

23%

■ Regional Distribution (2021) ● North America –

14%

■ Regional Distribution (2021) ● Middle East & Africa –

13%

■ Regional Distribution (2021) ● Latin America –

Child Exploitation

– Exploitation or harm to minors via digital platforms

○ Child pornography, online grooming, sex trafficking

○ Violates children’s rights and dignity

○ Long-term effects on physical and psychological well-being

Copyright Infringement

– Misuse of copyrighted works (text, music, art, software) without permission

○ Includes plagiarism and piracy

Trademark Infringement

Unauthorized use of similar or identical brand identifiers causing confusion to consumers.

Patent Infringement

– Making, using, selling, or distributing a patented invention without authorization

Finance Sector (High Risk Organizations)

○ Primary Motivation: Direct monetary gain

○ Targets: Bank accounts, credit card details, other valuable financial assets

○ Tactics: High volume of fraud using stolen credentials; direct theft of funds

Healthcare Sector (High Risk Organizations)

○ Primary Motivation: Theft of sensitive data (PHI – Personal Health Information)

○ Targets: Patient records, medical data

○ Tactics: Ransomware attacks, data sold on dark web markets

○ Impact: Urgency of medical services makes systems highly susceptible; PHI used for identity theft

Protection Against Cybercrime

● Practice digital literacy

● Be educated and aware of all forms of cybercrime

● Stay informed about emerging cyber threats

● Use robust security measures for accounts, networks, devices

● Report suspicious or illegal activity to authorities

● Avoid trusting unknown content quickly

● Avoid interacting with untrusted links, websites, and applications

Robust Security

Use strong passwords and Two-Factor Authentication; Implement security systems.

Employee Training

– Educate staff on safe online practices, emerging threats, and cybercrime forms

■ Promote digital literacy and awareness of defensive technologies

Continuous Vigilance

Stay updated on emerging cyber threats;

■ Enforce organization-wide cybersecurity protocols

■ Maintain detailed logs of messages, transactions, and evidence for investigations

Future of Cybersecurity

AI-driven defenses; Automated threat detection; Global collaboration for security.

● AI-Driven Defenses

– Automated countermeasures detect threats in real time

○ Predictive analysis anticipates potential attacks

● Rapid Response & Automated Detection

– Instantly flag malicious activities

○ Minimize human intervention

● Global Collaboration

– Share threat intelligence between governments and organizations

○ Establish unified strategies and legal frameworks

○ Strengthen defenses collectively

Intellectual Property (IP)

● Protects creations of individuals/organizations (novels, songs, inventions, logos)

● Grants legal rights to manage and profit from work

● Importance: influences industries, drives economies, fosters new ideas

Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code, 1997)

Protects copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets

○ Legal framework to prevent unauthorized use or infringement

50 years

Copyright Validity Sound recording ___ from the year the recording took place

20 years

Copyright Validity Broadcast ___ from the date of broadcast

10 years

Copyright Validity Trademark __ and may be renewed for 10 years

20 years

Copyright Validity Patent ___ from the filing date of application

During the lifetime of the author + 50 years after death

Copyright Validity Literary works

25 years;

Copyright Validity Art __ from the date of creation

50 years

Copyright Validity Photographic Work ___ from publication

50 years

Copyright Validity Audio-visual__ from publication

Copyright

Protects original works of authorship (literature, music, art, films, software).

○ Gives creator control over reproduction, distribution, display

○ Example: Novel, song, films

Trademarks

– Distinctive identifiers such as symbols, names, phrases identifying a brand

○ Protects consumers and brand reputation; 10 year valid term.

○ Example: Pepsi logo and brand name

Patents

– legally conferred rights by governments for inventions (20 years); grants exclusive rights to novel inventions/ improvements

○ Covers processes, machines, materials

○ Example: A new pharmaceutical drug formulation

Trade Secrets

– Confidential info giving competitive edge, such as unique formulas, recipes,, and manufacturing techniques

○ Protected as long as kept secret (e.g., Hershey’s recipe)

IMPORTANCE & RELEVANCE

● Encourages creativity and innovation

● Supports economic growth and competitiveness

● Protects creators’ rights and financial rewards

● Enhances consumer trust, reduces counterfeit products

● Promotes knowledge sharing and future innovation

● Strengthens cultural preservation

● Ensures fair competition and ethical business practices

Piracy

– Unauthorized reproduction and mass distribution of copyrighted materials

○ Examples:

■ Unauthorized streaming or distribution of music albums

■ Illegally downloading or sharing licensed software

○ Focus: Illegal copying and distribution for commercial or widespread use

Plagiarism

– Using someone else’s words or ideas as one’s own without proper credit

○ Examples:

■ Presenting another researcher’s theory as original

■ Using sentences from a book in an essay without citation ○ Focus: Falsely claiming authorship

Open-Source Model

– Collaborative development with freely shared knowledge ○ Widespread access accelerates innovation by removing barriers

○ Community contributions leverage collective intelligence for complex problems

Proprietary Model

– Protects financial and intellectual resources

○ Exclusive control motivates creators through ownership and reward

○ Secures long-term research and commercial viability

Legal Mechanism

– Fair use exceptions maintain a balance between collective progress and individual creator rights