Important Stuff-histology

composition of blood

55 plasma ( 92 water, 7 protein, 1 other )

45 erythrocytes

1 buffy coat (leukocytes)

Plasma proteins is mainly?

ablumin 58%, globulin, fibrominigen

Leukocyte order

neutrophil 50-70

lymphocytes 20-40

monocyte 2-8

eosinophil 1-4

basophil 0.5-1

neutrophil, lymphocytes, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil jobs

neutrophil = kill/phagocytose bacteria

lymphocytes = adaptive immunity

monocyte= precursor to macrophage (phagocytose)

eosinophil = kill helminth/parasites, moderate local inflam

basophil = moderate inflam, HISTAMINE

Agranuloctye vs granuloctye

agran = lymphocyte, monocyte (only 1 granule)

gran = neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil (2 granules, weird nucleus)

erythropoiesis path

progenitor - proerythroblast - basophilic erythroblast - polychromatic erythroblast - monoblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

granulocyte path

myeloblast - reomyelocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte - band cell - mature leukocyte

opsonization

An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage

CD4

helper T cell

CD8

cytotoxic t cell

CD25

regulatory/suppressor

Antibody order

G A M E D

Hassall's corpuscle

-type 6 cells

-medulla of thymus

spleen white vs red pulp

white = 20%, nodules, PALS, central arteriole

red = 80%, RBC phagocytose from machrophage

Proximal/Distal convoluted tubule epi

-simple cuboidal

male urethra epi

stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar

female urethra epi

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

masticatory mucosa

where: hard palate gingiva

type: keratinized stratified squamous

misc: attached to bone, meisner's corp

PARAKERATINIZED

lining mucosa

where: covers muscle, bone, soft palate, floor of mouth

type: nonkeratinized stratified squamous

PARAKERATINIZED at vermillion border of lips ????

specialized mucosa

dorsal surface of tongue

Filiform papillae

where: anterior dorsal

type: elongated cone, tips point backward

sensor: NO TASTE

misc: NO taste buds, keratinized projections

Fungiform papillae

where: tip of tongue, among filiform

type: mushroom

sensor: salty sour

Foliate papillae

where: parallel ridges on sides of tongue

sensor: all?

misc: separated by mucosal cleft, less in old people

circumvallate papillae

where: posterior 1/3

type: dome shape, strat squa

sensor: bitter

misc: largest, uses lipase prevent hydrophobic film

dentin

-70 hydroxyapatite

enamel

-96 hydroxyapatite

-ameloblasts secrete

partoid gland

-pure serous

-many intercalated ducts

-alpha-amylase (starch)

submandibular

-mostly serous

-intercalated dics

-serous demilune

-lysozyme (peptidoglycan)

sublingual

-mostly mucous

-no intercalated discs

serous acini

-darker

-no lumen

mucous acini

-pale

-wide lumen

mucosa layers of GI

1. mucosa (LP, muscularis mucosa)

2. submucosa (meissner's complex, BVN)

3. Muscularis externa (myenteric plexus, muscle layers)

4. adventitia (esoph) or serosa

Esophagus

type: nonkera strat squam

misc: adventitia, ME had SK and SM

Stomach

type: simple columnar

misc: serosa, ME has 3 layers (oblique, circular, long),

parietal cells

-intrinsic factor

-HCL

-grehlin??

chief cell

-gastric lipase

-pepsin

cardiac stomach

-no chief -no parietal -secrete mucous and lysozyme

pyloric stomach

-no chief -few parietal

fundic stomach

-yes chief -yes parietal

G cells

-secrete gastrin

SI

type: simple columnar

misc: absorptive cells, crypt of L (+paneth), m cells, peyers

parts of SI submucosa

ileum: peyers patches

Duodenum: brunner's gland

jejunum: plicae cicularis

paneth cells

-bottom of crypt of lieberkuhn -innate immunity

LI

type: simple columnar epi

misc: no plicae circularis, no villi, has crypt of L, lots goblet cells

pancreas

-exo and endocrine -centroacinar cells

exo: pure serous, duct system (no striated)

endo: secrete hormone and islet of l

portal triad

1. hepatic artery

2. portal vein

3. bile duct

Gallbladder

type: simpler columnar

cholangocytes

leydig cells

-secrete testosterone -b/w seminiferous tubules

sperm pathway

seminiferous tubules - straight tubules -rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymus - vas deferens

seminiferous tubules

type: specialized strat

-sperm production -sertoli and spermatogenic cells

sertoli cells

-inside seminif -support spermatogenic cells -blood testi barrier

spermatogenesis

-start early puberty

3 phase

A spermatogonial (mitosis)

B spermatocyte (meiosis)

C spermatid (spermiogenesis)

epididymis

type: pseudostratified w/ long immobile stereocilia

-sperm storage and mature

-3 layers (in long, mid circ, out long)

vas deferens

type: pseudostratified columnar w/ some sterocilia

-3 layers (in long, mid circ, out long)

seminal vesicle

type: pseudostratified columnar

prostate

type: simple cuboidal or columnar

-corpora amylacea

cowper's gland

simple columnar