Chapter 12 PSYC notes

The sperm unites with the ovum (egg) to form a single celled egg called a?

Zygote

The organism DURING the first 8 weeks of prenatal development is called a?

Embryo

The organism AFTER 8 weeks of prenatal development is called a?

Fetus

Automatic behaviors necessary for survival in newborns are called?

Motor reflexes

Name the 4 attachment styles

Secure, insecure, anxious/ambivalent, and disorganized attachment styles.

Assimilation

Fitting new information into your existing belief systems.

Accommodation

Modifying belief structures based on experience.

Conservation

Understanding that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object. Ex- pouring the contents of one glass into another, taller and thinner glass, the child should say that the water is still the same amount between the two glasses.

Sensorimotor Stage

The stage from birth to 2 years in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. Thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory

Preoperational Stage

The stage from ages 2 to 7 focusing on language development and symbolic play.

Concrete Operational Stage

Children develop logical thinking and number manipulation skills.

Formal Operational Stage

Involves abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

Gender Identity

A person's sense of being a woman, man, or other gender classifications.

Gender Typing

The socialization process into gender roles based on societal ideas of masculinity and femininity.

What are the 3 moral reasoning levels? (pre and post c)

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg.

Parenting styles

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful/uninvolved parenting styles.

Delayed gratification

The ability to control immediate impulses for later benefits.

Gender schema

Mental beliefs and expectations about gender roles and behaviors.

Erikson's stages of life

Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, competence vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs. despair.

Many parents try to enforce moral standards and good behavior by relying on ________, which includes: physical punishment, depriving the child of privileges, generally taking advantage of being bigger, stronger, and having the upper hand

Power assertion

Authoritative partenting is?

Middle ground between authoritarian and permissive. You set rules but your easy going, talk to them instead of yelling, build a good relationship. This is the best way to go about parenting

Authoritarian parenting is?

Very strict and over baring, no middle ground

Permissive parenting is?

Opposite of authoritarian - super lose on rules. no punishments

________ begins at the moment of birth, as parents, teachers, and other adults convey their beliefs and expectations about gender.

Gender socialization

During ________, the adrenal glands begin releasing hormones that affect brain development, notably an androgen called D H E A.

Adrenarche

The adolescent brain undergoes pruning of synapses and an increase in myelination. Where does this occur in the brain?

The prefrontal cortex

______ intelligence parallels other biological capacities in its eventual decline.

Fluid

______ intelligence tends to remain stable over the lifespan. It depends heavily on culture, education, experience

Crystallized