Blood Physio

A type of connective tissue that consists of cells & cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix

Blood

- 8% of the total body weight

- 5x thicker than water

Blood

Average blood volume:

- male:

- female:

Ave: 5L

- male: 5-6L

- female: 4-5L

blood's formed elements (45%):

- RBC (95%)

- WBC (4-5%)

- platelets (<1%)

Plasma components (55%):

- H20 (91%)

- Proteins (7%)

- Albumin (58%) - Globulin (38%) - Fibrinogen (4%)

Normal blood values: RBC

- Male:

- Female:

- 5.2-6.5m/mm3

- 4.5 - 5.5 m/mm3

Normal blood values: Hgb & HCt

- Male:

- Female:

- 13 - 18 g/dL : 42-52%

- 12 - 16 g/DL : 37% - 47%

Contraindicated to Exercise:

- Hct:

- Hgb:

- WBC:

- Platelets:

- Hct <27%

- Hgb <8g/dL

- WBC <5,000/mm3

- Platelets <20,000/mm3 (20,000-50,000/mm3 = light exercise)

Lifespan

- RBC: 120 days

- Platelets: 8-10 days

WBC

- granulocytes: 4-8 hrs (blood); 4-5 days (tissues)

- agranulocytes: 10-20 days (blood); ~3mos (tissues)

- RBC: 120 days

- Platelets: 8-10 days

WBC

- granulocytes: 4-8 hrs (blood); 4-5 days (tissues)

- agranulocytes: 10-20 days (blood); ~3mos (tissues)

principal stimulus for the formation of RBC in the bone marrow

Erythropoietin

Stages of Erythropoiesis:

- proerythroblast

- basophil erythroblast

- reticulocyte

- erythrocyte

Formation of blood

Hematopoiesis

Vitamins for RBC Formation:

- Vit b12

- folic acid

- iron

Important vitamin to synthesize platelets in the liver:

Vit k

Clotting factor:

- Tissue/factor/ thromboplastin

3

Clotting factor:

- calcium ion

4

Clotting factor:

- labile factor

5

Clotting factor:

- stable factor

7

Clotting factor:

- fibrin

13

types of granulocytes:

BEN-G

- basophils

- eosinophils

- neutrophils

Type of granulocytes:

- Least abundant

- Function: liberates histamine, bradykinin

- Histamine causes allergic reaction

Basophils

Type of granulocytes:

- Weak phagocyte

- Functions: responsible for parasitic infection, regulates the activity of basophils and mast cells

Eosinophils

Type of granulocytes:

- Most abundant WBC

- Function: responsible for bacterial infection, viral infection, parasitic infection

Neutrophils

2 types of agranulocytes:

- Monocytes

- Lymphocytes

o Largest white WBC

o Immature cell

o Once in tissues, it will become macrophage

Monocytes

Smallest WBC

Lymphocytes

Humoral mediated immunity

B cells

Cellular mediated immunity

T cells

Type of Immunoglobulins:

- Most numerous

- Only immunoglobulin that crosses placenta

- Responsible for bacterial and viral infection

IgG

Type of Immunoglobulins:

- Commonly seen in body fluids

Example: saliva, breastmilk, sweat, tears

- Responsible for bacterial and viral infection

IgA

Type of Immunoglobulins:

- Commonly seen in GIT

- Responsible for bacterial and viral infection

IgM

Type of Immunoglobulin:

- Responsible for allergic reaction

- Activates basophils to liberate histamine

IgE

Immunoglobulin that activates B cells

IgD

Types of T cells:

- Helper T cells (CD4)

- Cytotoxic/killer cells (CD8)

- Suppressor T cells

Type of T cells:

- Major regulatory cell for inflammation & infection

- Directs & recruits WBCs

- Destroyed by AIDS

Helper T cells (CD4)

Type of T cells:

- Destroys or kills foreign materials that are harmful to the body

Cytotoxic/Killer T cells (CD8)

Type of T cells:

- Terminates the immune response

- Absent in GBS

Suppressor T cells

o Aka "natural/native immunity"

o Early line of defense

o Present at birth

o Does not require stimulation (readily available)

Innate immunity

- macrophage & neutrophils

- protective barrier

Immunity:

o Develops throughout life

o Stimulated by the microbes (e.g., viruses, bacteria,

toxins)

Adapative immunity

- B and T cells

o Antibodies pass from mother to fetus/baby via placenta

(IgG) or breastfeeding (IgA)

o Temporary immunity

Natural passive immunity

o Antigens or pathogens enter the body naturally

o Acquired through exposure to microbes

o Example: chickenpox, mumps, influenzae

o Mode of transmission: vaccination

Natural Active Immunity

o Preformed antibodies are introduced via vaccination

o Example: Rhogam injection

Artificial Passive Immunity

Example: poliovaccine

Artificial Active Immunity

o Aka "immediate hypersensitivity"

o Cause: uncontrolled production of IgE

Anaphylactic Allergic Reaction

Aka "cell-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity"

o Cause: tissue destruction caused by IgG & IgM

Cytotoxic Allergic Reaction

o Inflammation and tissue injury 2° to IgG, IgM, and

soluble antigen deposition to tissues

o Example: RA, infective endocarditis, SLE

Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Tissue destruction 2° to proliferation of T cells and B cells

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction

- Lacks iron

- Common in women 2° to menstrual cycle

Iron Deficiency Anemia

- Induced by hemorrhage or bleeding

- Chronic: microcytic & hypochromic RBCs

o Blood Loss Anemia

- Odd shape, macrocytic, normochromic RBCs

- (+) flimsy membrane

Megaloblastic Anemia

Increased destruction of RBCs before its 120th day

Hemolytic Anemia

(aka "hemolytic disease of the newborn)

: caused by Rh incompatibility

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

RBCs are usually small and spherical

- RBC cannot withstand compression

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Due to presence of Hgb S (abnormal type of Hgb)

- Stimulus: low O2 concentration in the body

- Response: Hgb precipitates into long crystals inside

the RBC, elongating the RBC (sickle shape)

Sickle Cell Anemia

- Lack of functioning bone marrow

- Causes: benzene intoxication, radiation therapy

Aplastic Anemia

o Pathologic increase in RBC promoting sluggish blood

flow, thus increasing blood pressure

o WBC and platelets are also increased

Polycythemia Vera

Increased in platelets

o Causes: immobility, atherosclerosis, traumatized tissue

Thrombocytosis

o Decreased in platelets

o Causes: dengue, liver disease, Vit. K deficiency

Thrombocytopenia

X-linked recessive disorder:

Hemophilia

MC type

Classic hemophilia

Absent Anti-HF A (CF VIII)

A

Christmas disease

Absent Anti-HF B (IX)

B

Absent Anti-HF C (XI)

C

Absent Anti-HF D/Hageman (XII)

D