Teeth Anatomy & Aging

Which teeth are the cutting teeth, closest to the front of the mouth?

Incisors

Which teeth are large and pointed, used for holding and tearing?

Canines

Which teeth are the three or four cheek teeth closest to the front of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding?

Premolars

Which teeth are the cheek teeth at the back of the mouth, used for chewing and grinding?

Molars

How many roots do incisors have?

1 root

What bone are incisors attached to (dorsally)?

Incisive bone

How many roots do canine teeth have?

1 root

What bone are canine teeth attached to (dorsally)?

Suture line between incisive bone and maxilla

How many roots do the first premolars have?

1 root

How many roots do the dorsal P2-P3 and ventral P2-P4 have?

2 roots

How many roots does the dorsal fourth premolar have?

3 roots

How many roots do the dorsal molars have?

3 roots

How many roots do the ventral M1-M2 have?

2 roots

How many roots does the ventral M3 have?

1 root (not always present)

What bone are the premolars attached to (dorsally)?

Maxilla

What bone are the molars attached to (dorsally)?

Maxilla

Which teeth are the carnassial teeth?

Dorsal fourth premolar and ventral first molar

What does mesial mean?

Surface towards the mid-sagittal line

What does distal mean?

Surface away from the mid-sagittal line

What does buccal mean?

Surface towards the cheeks

What does labial mean?

Surface towards the lips (facial)

What does occlusal mean?

Towards the chewing surface

What does gingival mean?

Towards the gingiva

What is the space between the incisors and premolars called?

Diastema

Which species have a diastema?

1. Equine 2. Rodents 3. Ruminants

What is the outer layer of the tooth above the gum line?

Enamel

What is the second layer of the tooth?

Dentin

What is the inner layer of the tooth?

Pulp

Which layers of the tooth act as protective coverings?

Enamel and dentin

What is the outer layer of the tooth underneath the gum line?

Cementum

What structure acts to connect the cementum to the alveolar bone and supports the tooth?

Periodontal ligament

Which species correlates to this dental formula: 3-1-4-2 2(I-C-PM) 3-1-4-3

Dog

Which species correlates to this dental formula: 3-1-3/4-3 2(I-C-P-M) 3-1-3-3

Horse

Which species correlates to this dental formula: 0-0-3-3 2(I-C-P-M) 4-0-3-3

Cow

In the modified triadan system which number indicates right upper permanent dentition?

1

In the modified triadan system which number indicates left upper permanent dentition?

2

In the modified triadan system which number indicates right lower permanent dentition?

4

In the modified triadan system which number indicates left lower permanent dentition?

3

In the modified triadan system which number indicates right upper deciduous dentition?

5

In the modified triadan system which number indicates left upper deciduous dentition?

6

In the modified triadan system which number indicates left lower deciduous dentition?

7

In the modified triadan system which number indicates right lower deciduous dentition?

8

In the modified triadan system, what do the numbers indicate?

1st number: quadrant 2 and 3rd numbers: tooth location

What is the Rule of 4?

This rule states that all canine teeth are always designated by the number 04.

What is the Rule of 9?

This rule states that the first molars is always designated by the number 09

How many deciduous teeth do puppies have?

28

How many permanent teeth do dogs have?

42

What species lack upper incisors and canines?

Ruminants

What type of tooth has a tall crown and continues to grow?

Hypsodont teeth

What type of tooth has a short crown and does not continue to grow?

Brachyodont teeth

What species have hypsodont teeth?

Equine, ruminants, rodents

Whats species have brachyodont teeth?

Primates, dogs, cats

What species have tusks?

Swine

Which teeth are mainly used to age a horse?

Incisors

When do the temporary central incisors develop in horses?

Birth-10 days

When do the temporary intermediate incisors develop in horses?

4-6 weeks

When do the temporary corner incisors develop in horses?

6-10 months

When do the permanent central incisors erupt in horses?

2.5 years

When do the permanent intermediate incisors erupt in horses?

3.5 years

When do the permanent corner incisors erupt in horses?

4.5 years

When do the canine teeth erupt in horses?

4-5 years

What shape do horse teeth become as they age?

Triangular

What is the shape of the cups when the horse is 1-4 years?

Shallow, triangular

What is the shape of the cups when the horse is 5-9 years?

Oval

What is the shape of the cups when the horse is 9-15 years?

Round

What is the shape of the cups when the horse is 15-20 years?

Triangular

What is the shape of the cups when the horse is >20 years?

Rectangular

What is the dental cup?

An indentation in the center of the tooth that gradually wears down

What is the dental star?

A dark, solid structure that protects the pulp cavity as the tooth wears down

How much of the dental cup is lost every year?

2mm

How long is the dental cup of the upper incisors?

6mm

How long is the dental cup of the lower incisors?

12mm

How long will it take for the dental cup of the upper incisors to disappear?

3 years

How long will it take for the dental cup of the lower incisors to disappear?

6 years

When does the dental star begin appearing?

10 years

What is the groove that appears on the upper corner incisors?

Galvayne's groove

When does Galvayne's groove first appear?

10 years

When is Galvayne's groove halfway down the upper portion of the tooth?

15 years

When is Galvayne's groove completely down the surface of the tooth?

20 years

When does Galvayne's groove begin to recede?

21 years

When does Galvayne's groove appear at the bottom half of the tooth?

25 years

When does Galvayne's groove completely recede?

30 years

What is the dental hook?

A hook that can appear on the teeth of a horse (usually facing the diastema)

When does the dental hook first appear on the corner incisor?

7 years

When does the dental hook on the corner incisors disappear?

9 years

When does the dental hook on the corner incisors reappear?

11 years

What are wolf teeth?

A vestigial tooth that do not continue to grow. Usually must be removed because they traumatize soft tissues

When do wolf teeth erupt?

5-12 months

When do permanent I1's erupt in cattle?

2-2.5 years

When do permanent I2's erupt in cattle?

2.5-3 years

When do permanent I3's erupt in cattle?

3-3.5 years

When do permanent I4's erupt in cattle?

4 years

What are common conditions of the teeth?

Tooth fractures, tooth resorption, dental caries, remnant baby teeth