History 122 Girard final

Alsace

A narrow strip of land on the border between Germany and France that was conquered by the Germans in 1874 and recaptured by France, starting conflicts between the two peoples over conflicting interests

Kaiser Wilhelm II "spot in the sun"

King of Germany; meaning he wanted more tropical lands

Eastern Question

Who would get what part of the Ottoman Empire?

Dreadnought

a heavily armed battleship with large batteries of 12 inch guns

Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were visiting Sarajero, the capitol of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As they rode in an open automobile, a man fired a revolver at them killing both the Archduke and his wife.

Trench Warefare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

Wilsons 14 Points

A series of proposals in which US President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after WWI

Self Determination

Right of people to choose their own form of government

Treaty of Versailles

Major Points- 1. League of Nations 2. Germany found responsible for starting war, required to pay reparations and indemnities, German army and navy restricted to tiny defensive forces. German colonies given away. Alsace went to France.

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915, over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East

Gallipoli

A failed British offensive in Ottoman Empire, a poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during WWI in 1915

Lawrence of Arabia

British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords. He was a British adventure who is credited with inspiring revolts against Ottoman Empire.

Mustafa Kemal

successfully mounted a defense of Gallipoli. Beat British forces-stopped Anzac-1922--Turkish commander to led Turkish nationalists in their fight against the Greeks and British backers. He became the president of the new Republic of Turkey. His goal was to transform Turkey into a modern nation. He ushered in sweeping reforms.

Young Turks

a member of a revolutionary party in the Ottoman Empire who carried out the revolution of 1908 and deposed the sultan Abdul Hamid II

Treaties of Sevres/ Lausanne

(Aug. 10, 1920), post-World War I pact between the victorious Allied powers and representatives of the government of Ottoman Turkey. The treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire and obliged Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa. The pact also provided for an independent Armenia

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Karl Marx

German philosopher and founder of Marxism, an atheist. Thought God was "Opium to the people" the theory that class conflict(proletarist and bourgeoisie) is the motor force driving historical change and development.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Bourgeois/ Proletariat

Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

working people

Czar Nicholas II

the last czar of Russia under Romanov rule. His bad handle of Bloody Sunday and Russia's role in WW1 led to his abdication and execution in 1918.

Rasputin

An uneducated Siberian preacher who claimed to have mysterious healing powers. He could stop the bleeding of Czarina Alexandra's son- possibly through hypnosis- and was thus able to gain influence in the czar's court, much to the dismay of top ministers and aristocrats, who finally arranged for his murder. The czarina's relationship with him did much to discredit Czar Nicholas's rule

Bolsheviks

a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917.

February Revolution (1917)

Known as the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, took place by the capitol of Russia (St. Petersburg), Kerensky wanted to keep capitalism, bread riots took place

October Revolution (1917)

Considered the famous revolution, directed by Lenin (he was able to prevail the war), people wanted peace and land distribution

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks.Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.Lenin said "Gift of Revolution" was the beginning of the end of Russian autocracy

Joseph Stalin

1926-1953. "Man of Steel" Ruled after Lenin. Brutal dictator.Helped the Soviet Union defeat Germany. Purged most of his government who even thought about rebelling.

Purges

Stalin wanted to purge his own party of anyone who might be against him. He killed alot of his party members

Gulag

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

5 year plan

a set of high standards, list of economic goals created by Stalin which was based on his policy of socialism

Collectivization

A system in which private farms (kulaks) are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government. Happened in Russia as a result of Stalin's plans, and this led to widespread famine which caused about 10 million deaths

Kulak

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor. They were their own class. Stalin wanted them destroyed as they threatened the concept of collectivization (collective farming).

Totalitarianism

(under the rule of Stalin) A political system where the state, usually under the power of a single political person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

Tokugawa Shoguns

1603-1867 -Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate itself from foreign influences. Put Japan in a bubble.

Commodore Perry

Forcibly opened Japan to trade with the United States, eventually leading to the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Okichi

...

Mutsuhito (Meiji)

Emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912, during whose reign Japan was dramatically transformed from a feudal country into one of the great powers of the modern world.Ended the tokagawa dynasty.

Meiji Era (1868)

restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan under Emperor Meiji

Zaibatsu

large industrial combines that came to dominate Japanese industry in the late 19th century. Helped Japan to be successful.

Co-prosperity Sphere

Japans idea to create a colonial empire, an area dominated by Japan but for the "greater good" of the people involved

Mukden Incident 1931

Japan wanted to frame China, owned a railroad and purposely blew it up (it was successful)

Rape Of Nanking

(1937) War crime committed by japanese military in Nanking. Japanese army raped, kidnapped, and killed Chinese civilians and prisoners of war. Over 300,000 people killed; during war with China

Comfort Women

term referring to that women should provide comfort to the Japanese soldiers; like sex slaves

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Adolf Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, nonconformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Charles de Gaulle's Brazzaville Speech

Charles de Gaulle needed help in fighting the Nazi's, went to the French colonys in Africa and asked the people for help in fighting. In return he made vague promises of more self-government for the colonies.

Atlantic Charter

-speech given by FDR after WW2

-recycled some of Woodward Wilsons ideas from his 14 point speech

-It encouraged self-determination and right of countries to chart their own future.

Ho Chi Minh

a nationalist, a communist, ultimately won independence for and became prime minister/president of Vietnam (Indochina)

Kwame Nkrumah

First president of Ghana, First African country to gain independence-1957

Pan-Africanism

an idea of Kwame Nkrumah for all of Africa to unite and form one country (ex-United States) the countrys of Africa would not agree to idea

Mau Mau Rebellion

secret society built to protest British colonization of Kenya. You were sworn to secrecy by joining. Terrorized British citizens

Indian National Congress

a major political party in India of elite Indians, pro-independent,wanted autonomy,self-determination

Gandhi

-His goal was to bring freedom to India

-wanted to make India independent from British rule, he did this by using non-violent tactics.

Jawahariai Nehru

Hindu-Indian prime minister who worked for equality of Indians not based on the caste system. Wanted India split in two countrys.

Ali Jinnah

-leader of Muslim party and Pakistan

-wanted freedom for India but wanted it to split India into two separate countrys.

Caste System

Divides Hindus into four main categories: 1. Priests 2. Warriors, Rulers 3. Farmers, traders, merchants 4. peasants

Amritsar Massacre

When 10,000 hindus and muslims came together to protest the rowlatt act. They were unaware that the public meetings had been banned by the british government so General Dyer began to shoot people. 400 indians were killed and 1200 were wounded. This raised anger and nationalism among the indians

Salt March

Protest in which Gandhi walked to the sea with his supporters in protest of Britain increasing the salt tax and prohibiting Indians from making their own salt.

Cotton Boycott

Non-violence

The principle of resolving or engaging in conflict without resort to physical force. Used economic warfare and refuse to obey laws you believe are unfair

Civil Disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines; as a peaceful form of political protest

Kashmir

A state which is between Pakistan and India, and half belongs to each side. However, there is major conflict over this piece of land

Bangladesh

was known as East Pakistan. The Muslim population felt forgotten and asked for independence. A war was fought and with India's help they secured their independence in 1971

Ahmed Ben Bella

Algerian socialist soldier and revolutionary who was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965

-said "Suitcase of coffin"

Pieds Noirs

the french people who settled in Algeria- Ben Bella told them "suitcase of coffin" after Algeria's independence so they left France

FLN

(Front de Liberation Nationale) The Algerian organization that fought a bloody guerrilla war for freedom against France.

Harkis

Arabic movement, group of volunteers who served as auxiliaries in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962

Battle of Algiers

Campaign of urban guerrilla warfare carried out by the FLN against the French Algerian authorities from late 1956 to late 1957

Evian Accords

signed in 1962 France agreed to leave Algeria and Algeria became independent

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Communism (1946-1989)

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state

Containment

Policy in the early Cold War: Eastern Europe was solidly in Soviet hands and US should focus on preventing its spread

Berlin Blockade

Soviets blockaded the East German border to all land and water traffic into Berlin from the West. They refused to allow trucks, barges, or trains to pass checkpoints at the borders, thus threatening the people of West Berlin with starvation, US and Great Britain organized airlifts, to supply West Berlin. Soviets made no attempts to stop the airlift and May 1948 they lifted the blockade.

Space Race

Many scientists and military leaders believed that control of space would be very important. Consequently, the USA and USSR invested billions of dollars in developing satellites, space stations, rockets, etc. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities.

Bandung Conference (1955)

meeting of 29 African and Asian representatives in Bandung, Indonesia. Aim to promote economic and cultural coperation and to oppose colonialism.

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

Self-strengthening movement

A late nineteenth-century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

Boxer Rebellion

1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.

Pu Yi

The last Emperor of China. He was put on the throne at the age of 3 and was more of a head figure than actual ruler.

Jiang Jeshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) vs. Mao Zedong (Mai Tse Tung)

Jeshi led the Chinese Nationalist (conservative) army and fiercely resisted the invasion of Japan

Zedong (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) v. Chinese Communists

Political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949, ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time

Under Mao Zedong's control in 1927, Mao led a revolution and the communist part obtained control in 1947

Long March

A 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist forces

Chinese Civil War (ended 1949)

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Formosa (Taiwan)

The island that the anti communists fled to when China went communist

100 Flowers Campaign

A brief period in China where intellectuals were encouraged to share their ideas. Censorship was lifted as well. This obviously did not last long when criticism against Mao surfaced. 100 Flowers was reversed and the intellectuals who spoke out were in trouble.

Great Leap Forward

People's Republic of China (PRC); economic and social campaign by Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962

Cultural Revolution

1960's; Mao's attempt to push China towards ideal communist society (and cover the mistakes of Great Leap Forward); used young people to revitalize China by attacking writers, scientists, doctors, professors, factory managers, and party officials with the supposed goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal. It may have been that his true goal was to regain the power he had lost in the communist party.

Red Book

Mao's teaching and sayings for China, that they had to know by heart

Spanish- American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Platt Amendment

This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treaties with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.

Fulgencio Batista

was the Cuban President, dictator, and military leader closely aligned with and supported by the United States. He served as the leader of Cuba from 1933-1944, and 1952-1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution.

Ernesto Guevara (Che)

"Che", Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader, influential figure in the 1950s-60s. Believed in guerilla warfare. Helped Castro gain power in Cuba. Tried to spread revolution to Congo(failure) and Bolivia where he was eventually shot

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.

US intervention in Guatemala

In 1954, freely elected Guatemalan successor, Jacobo Arbenz, was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état. He considered himself a socialist. After his land reform, the CIA intervened because it feared that a socialist government would become a Soviet beachhead in the Western Hemisphere. Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas was installed as president in 1954 and ruled until he was assassinated by a member of his personal guard in 1957

Guerilla Warefare

Unconventional combat wagged by smaller military units using hit-and-run tactics.

Bay of Pigs

was an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans. The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. and ultimately led to Castro pleading for Soviet aid (Cuban Missile Crisis)

Operation Mongoose

A CIA operation backed by President Kennedy in 1961 that used covert operation against President Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in efforts to overthrow the communist government in Cuba.

Cuban Missle Crisis

(JFK) an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Zionism (Theodore Herzl)

movement to create a homeland for Jewish Palestine; Holy Land

tried to convince the Jews to go back to Israel