South Africa

Imperialism

The quest for colonial empire

Reasons why a country would imperialize

1) Economic Gain

• natural resources

• raw materials

• land

2) Power and Prestige

• the bigger the better

3) National Security

• naval bases around the world

4) Spread Christianity

5) Social Darwinism

6) The white Mans burden

Darwinism

Evolution - the fittest survive because they adapt

Social Darwinism

the belief that White people are most fit to survive

• superior military

• superior tech

• superior religion

The White Mans Burden

• poem by Ruyard Kipling

Whitemans’s god-given responsibility to civilize people

Berlin Confrence

Held to prevent war, no Africans invited

• Africa is divided among EU, EXCEPT Ethiopia and Liberia

• These remain colonies until 1960

Scramble for Colonies

• 20 yrs after Berlin Conference

• EU powers have almost entirely partitioned Africa

• established new borders and redrew maps w/o thinking of local tribes

Settlement of South Africa

• 1652- Dutch settle Capetown as a sailor stop on the way to India

• get fresh supplies, medical care

• steal cattle, land, rivers, and take slaves from the natives

Other Europeans move in

great climate and location

Germans and French Protestants (hugenots)

Blend tgth and create a new culture called Afrikaaners, speak Afrikaans

The British Come

By early 1800’s British start coming and want control

Move into Cape town and Afrikaaners move deeper into Africa

The Great Trek

Afrikaaners who fled go on the Great Trek

Becomes known as the Boers (farmer in Afrikaans)

Moves into interior Africa, of the Frontier zone

Boers Discover Gold and Diamonds there

The British want their share

The Boer Wars 1895

The Boers won’t give into England

the Brits create concentration camps for the women and children which are unsanitary

Results of the Boer Wars

26,000 Boers die in camps - starvation and disease

Boers surrender to save women and children

1910- S. Africa is established as a Country

• Brits have main control, Boers have some

Creation of the ANC - 1912

African National Congress

fights racism but sometimes resorts to violence and terrorism

The Nationalist Party

Afrikaaner party

Turns S. Africa into a modern industrial power

Starts Apartheid

Aparthied

Afrikaans for separation

legal segregation of the races

removes all black S. Africans rights

Cooperative Coexistence

justification for Apartheid

Africans can’t rule themselves b/c of tribal wars

The two groups can’t live in peace together so they should live apart

4 Laws of Apartheid

1. The Native Land Act

2. The Township Act

3. Pass Laws

4. Separate Amenities Act

The Native Land Act

Separates the races by dividing land

Blacks made up 80% of the population but only get 14% of the land

Broken into 10 homelands

Whites can live wherever

The Township Act

Black S. Africans were originally busted from homelands to work

Too expensive so the gov’t sets of townships outside of the cities so they could get to work easily

they were intenitional slums

Pass Laws

required black S. Africans 15yrs and up to carry a pass book with place and DOB, where they work, live and can travel, what tribe they belong to

Banning

like house arrest, can;t leave, only one guest at a time

Separate Amenities Act

legally separates all public facilites

Congress of the People

organization of educated Black South Africans

write the freedom charter

All leaders are banned

Freedom Charter

Outline of basic rights, demanded by the Congress of the people

160 Portest in Sharpeville

protest against pass laws

69 Blacks killed

Afrikaaner gov’t takes away rights to habeas corpus

Nelson Madela

S.A. civil rights acactivist arrested in 1984 for recruting and training people to sabatoge gov’t

staysi in jain until 1990

first black prez in S.A.

Son of tribal chief born 1918

Steve Biko

Starts the black consciousness movement to create black pide

Murdered in police custody in 1977

Donald Woods

SA. Newspaper editor and friend of Biko

Activist for the end of Aparthied

Baneed for 5 years, writ’s book abt Biko and aparthied

1976 Soweto Massacre

Black township

Student protest against being taught in Afrikaans

700 killed, 4,000 wounded - mainly children

The progressive federal party

All-white anti-aparthied party

Afrikaaners realize that something should be done to end aparthied

Archbishop Desmond Tutu

outspoken clergy man and public speaker abt ending aparthied

supports economic boycott of S. africa

winner of the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize

Economic Sanctions

US prez, Reagan will cut off economic aid and trade w. S. Af.

this puts pressure on the gov’t to end Apartheid and release Mandela

Prez. FW. De Klerk

White prez of S. Af. who releases Mandela

Electipn of ‘94

Madela wins writes new constitution based on freedom chater

Truth and reconciliation commission

comitee that seeks people and organizations who abused, persecuted ,or murdered people during apartheid, some victams have gotten rehab adndcompensations