APES Evolution and Biodiversity

Population

All individuals occupying the same area

Recombination

during cell division part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, which leads to new gene combinations and thus genetic diversity

Evolution by Artificial Selection

Breeding dogs, horses, pea plants

Unintended consequence

agricultural breeding is pesticide/herbicide resistance

Biodiversity

variety of earth's species, or varying life forms, the genes they contain, the ecosystems they live in and the ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain life.

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Change in populations (not individuals) genetic makeup over successive generations

Genetic Drift

Change in allele frequency in a population due to random sampling. Some organisms, by chance, leave behind more offspring

Population Bottleneck

an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing; some genotypes will be lost and genetic composition of survivors will differ from original group

The founder effect

a special case of a population bottleneck, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one, taking with it only limited alleles from the original population

coevolution

describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
Geographic Isolation: groups from same population become physically isolated

Ecological Niche

includes adaptations acquired through evolution, range of tolerance, types and amounts of resources the species uses and interactions with other organisms.

Limits to Adaptation

ability to adapt limited to gene pool and how fast it can reproduce

Reproductive Isolation

When sexually reproductive organisms becomes so genetically different they cannot mate

Fundamental Niche

full potential range of conditions if there were no competition

Realized Niche

the portion of niche fulfilled due to competition or other species interactions

generalist species

Broad Niches able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (r-strategist)

A specialist species

Narrow Niches can only thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Often prone to extinction.(K-Strategist)

Volcanic Eruptions

Mt. Saint Helens: Destroy habitat and wipe out populations

Earthquakes

Create fissures that separate and isolate populations

Grizzly and Polar Bear

Climate Change and Natural Selection animal examples

Divergence

One species becomes two

Convergence

The evolution of species from different taxonomic groups toward a similar form.

Extinction

Species ceases to exist. They can be ecologically extinct-number are so small they cannot fulfill their role. Over 99 % of all species that have ever lived are now extinct.

Endemic Species

Found only in one area; are most vulnerable to extinction

Background Extinction

Extinctions are normally occurring in nature

Mass Extinction

Extinction of large percent of species across the genera

Local Extinction

not found in parts of range/area it once inhabited but is found other places

Ecological Extinction

numbers so low it can no longer fulfill niche in communities where it is found

Biological Extinction

The entire spices is gone