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Population
All individuals occupying the same area
Recombination
during cell division part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, which leads to new gene combinations and thus genetic diversity
Evolution by Artificial Selection
Breeding dogs, horses, pea plants
Unintended consequence
agricultural breeding is pesticide/herbicide resistance
Biodiversity
variety of earth's species, or varying life forms, the genes they contain, the ecosystems they live in and the ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain life.
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Change in populations (not individuals) genetic makeup over successive generations
Genetic Drift
Change in allele frequency in a population due to random sampling. Some organisms, by chance, leave behind more offspring
Population Bottleneck
an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing; some genotypes will be lost and genetic composition of survivors will differ from original group
The founder effect
a special case of a population bottleneck, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one, taking with it only limited alleles from the original population
coevolution
describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
Geographic Isolation: groups from same population become physically isolated
Ecological Niche
includes adaptations acquired through evolution, range of tolerance, types and amounts of resources the species uses and interactions with other organisms.
Limits to Adaptation
ability to adapt limited to gene pool and how fast it can reproduce
Reproductive Isolation
When sexually reproductive organisms becomes so genetically different they cannot mate
Fundamental Niche
full potential range of conditions if there were no competition
Realized Niche
the portion of niche fulfilled due to competition or other species interactions
generalist species
Broad Niches able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (r-strategist)
A specialist species
Narrow Niches can only thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Often prone to extinction.(K-Strategist)
Volcanic Eruptions
Mt. Saint Helens: Destroy habitat and wipe out populations
Earthquakes
Create fissures that separate and isolate populations
Grizzly and Polar Bear
Climate Change and Natural Selection animal examples
Divergence
One species becomes two
Convergence
The evolution of species from different taxonomic groups toward a similar form.
Extinction
Species ceases to exist. They can be ecologically extinct-number are so small they cannot fulfill their role. Over 99 % of all species that have ever lived are now extinct.
Endemic Species
Found only in one area; are most vulnerable to extinction
Background Extinction
Extinctions are normally occurring in nature
Mass Extinction
Extinction of large percent of species across the genera
Local Extinction
not found in parts of range/area it once inhabited but is found other places
Ecological Extinction
numbers so low it can no longer fulfill niche in communities where it is found
Biological Extinction
The entire spices is gone