Basics of Body Structures and Organ Systems

integumentary system

Includes skin, hair, and nails. Protect against environmental hazards and regulates body temperature.

skeletal system

Composed of bones and joints. Provides support, produces blood cells, and protects internal organs.

muscular system

Consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Facilitates movement with skeletal muscles, support circulate with cardiac muscles, and propels various substances with smooth muscles.

nervous systems

Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Controls body functions via electrical signals and processes information.

endocrine system

Glands and hormone-producing cells. Regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and development.

cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels. Circulates blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

lymphatic system

Lymph nodes and lymph vessels. Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.

respiratory system

Lungs and air passages. Delivers air to where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

digestive system

Organs from mouth to anus, including the liver and pancreas. Processes food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste.

urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Eliminates wastes from the body and regulates water and chemical balance.

reproductive system

Male and female reproductive organs. Responsible for reproducing offspring.

cells

smallest unit of life; represents the most basic level of organization

tissues

groups of similar, specialized cells that work together to perform a common task

organs

structures composed of tissues working together to perform a specific function

organ systems

a group of organs that work together to carry out more complex function for the body

hierarchical organization

1. chemicals bond to form molecules

2. molecules bond to form cells

3. cells with similar structure and function join together to form tissues

4. tissues join together to create organs

5. Organs group together to form organ systems that work together to perform a specific job

What organ systems provide protection, support, and movement?

• integumentary

• muscular

• skeletal

What organ systems provide coordination and control?

• nervous

• endocrine

What organ systems provide circulation and immunity?

• cardivascular

• lymphatic

What organ systems provide energy supply and fluid balance?

• respiratory

• digestive

• urinary

What organ systems provide production of offspring?

reproductive

barriers

maintains distinct environments within the body

give 2 examples of barriers in the body

1. plasma membrane - it separates intracellular and extracellular fluids

2. skin/mucous membranes - separates the inside of the body from the outside

flow

the movement of a substance from one area to another

gradient

a difference in a specific physical or chemical value between two areas

resistance

factors that inhibit flow down a gradient

examples of flow

1. blood flow

2. diffusion

3. air flow

examples of gradient

1. pressure

2. temperature

3. concentration

example of resistance

1. barriers

2. friction

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

ventral cavity

includes abdominal, pelvic, and thoracic cavities; housing organs such as the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, etc.