Unit 2 Human geo

Demography

the study of statistics on the births, deaths, and other aspects of the change in human population over time

Ecumene

inhabited land

Arable land

fertile land

Arithmetic Density

calculated by dividing a regions population by total area

Physiological Density

calculated by dividing population by arable land

Agricultural Density

divides farmers by arable land

Social Stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and or ethnicity

Overpopulation

a region has more people than it can support

Carrying capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Redistricting

boundary adjustments

Population Pyramid

provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life span, and economic development

Crude Death Rate

deaths per year per 1000 people

Crude Birth Rate

the number of live births each year per 1000 people

Natural Increase Rate

(CBR - CDR)/10 : the percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining

Doubling Time

the time it takes a population to double

Mortality

death rate

Total Fertility Rate

average number of children born per woman in a country

Infant Mortality Rate

number of children who die before 1st birthday per 1000 babies

Life Expectancy

expected life legnth

Emigration

moving out of the country

Immigration

moving into the country

Demographic Transition Model

model that shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as tey modernize

Epidemiological Transition Model

extension of the demographic transition model that explains changing death rates and common causes of death

Pandemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.

Zero Population Growth

a condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines; that is, the number of births plus in-migrants equals the number of deaths plus out-migrants

Neo-Malthusians

people that accept malthus’s theory today and argue that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future

Malthus Critic

people who disagree with thomas malthus

Boserup Theory

theory that suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed.

Anti-natalist Policy

policy discouraging people to have children

Pro-natalist Policy

policy encouraging people to have children

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

Most migrants move only a short distance.
There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force \[pull factors\] is spent.
There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.
Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.
Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.
Females are more migratory than males.
Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

Dependency Ratio

an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force

Migration

permanent or semipermanent relocation of people

Push factors

negative conditions that make people leave a place

Pull factors

positive conditions that attract people to move to a place

Intervening obstacle

barriers that make make reaching the destination harder for migrants

Intervening opportunities

opportunities a migrant encounters on the way

Counter Migration

returning to the place you emigrated from

Migration Transition

argues that countries in stage 2 of dtm may experience rapid population growth and overcrowding, leading to people migrating to stage 4 and 5 countries

Gravity Model

size and distance between two places will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity

Internal migration

migrating within your country

Voluntary migration

migration made by choice

Forced migration

forcibly induced movement of people, for example, when migrants are forced to flee to escape conflict or persecution or become trafficked

Chain migration

Originally chain migration refers to a process in which initial movements of migrants lead to further movements from the same area to the same area

Step migration

migrants reach their destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural to urban migration

people movies from rural areas to cities

Refugee

forced migration which results to people leaving the country

Internally displaced person

forced migration which results in people moving to another part of the same country

Asylum seekers

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death

Transnational migration

people moving from one country to another

Transhumance

moving from higher elevations

Guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally.

Guest worker policies

regulates the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people from another culture

Remittances

money sent to migrants family and friends in the country they left

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group