APWM : U1-4 : Headbands CAP Review (WIP)

Imperial Examination System (China)

A merit-based system of testing to fill positions in the bureaucracy. It made sure only the best people worked in the government and provided limited opportunity for social mobility

Islamic advances in mathematics

The development of algebra, introduction of trigonometry, popularizing Arabic numerals

Nasir ad-Din-al-Tusi

Celebrated Persian Islamic Scholar

Mathematician, astronomer, and polymathLaid groundwork for trigonometry

Queen Njinga

Skillful female rule

Queen of Ndongo and Matamba (present day Angola)

Stood up to Portuguese powers through diplomacy and ultimately military coordination

Diasporic Communities

groups of people who have spread or been dispersed from their homeland to various regions around the world while maintaining connections to their culture and identity

communities often arise from migration due to factors like trade, conflict, or economic opportunity

City-States of the Swahili Coast

Merchants were interested in gold, ivory, timber, enslaved laborers

Islam became a dominant belief system (conversion among the elite was voluntary and connected them economically)

No larger political structure like in song china

Divine Right to Rule

the political and religious doctrine that asserts a monarch's legitimacy and authority to rule is granted directly by God, not by any earthly authority

Janissaries

member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire

The Dutch in indonesia

the Netherlands, through the Dutch East India Company, colonized the Indonesian archipelago, primarily focused on controlling the spice trade, establishing their power over the islands, and exploiting local resources, particularly in Java

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer and navigator, best known for his 1492 voyage that led to the European awareness of the American continents

Eastern Orthodoxy

Christian denomination developed in the Byzantine Empire that emphasizes the importance of tradition, liturgy, and the sacraments

split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054 during the Great Schism

Sikhism

monotheistic religion founded in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of South Asia, rooted in the teachings of Guru Nanak and nine subsequent Gurus

teaches the oneness of God and encourages followers to live truthfully and engage in selfless service to humanity

Conquistador

Spanish explorers and conquerors who were often motivated by a quest for wealth, land, and the spread of Christianity

Ottoman Empire

Used devshirme to fill government, religious, and military positions

Kept control of an important "meeting point" between Europe, Asia, and Africa after conquering Constantinople

Largely religiously tolerant

Inca Empire

Also outsiders that expanded due to military prowess

Diverse empire that was ruled with centralized power and bureaucracy (unlike the mayas and aztecs)

Developed the Mit'a system

Polytheistic

Three G's of Exploration

Gold, Glory, and God

Religious Syncretism

a belief system that combines elements from different religious traditions, creating a new, blended faith

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire was a major center for trade, benefiting from its strategic location along key trade routes between India and China.

Was exposed to Hinduism and Buddhism through trade--Hinduism became popular with the ruling class while the common people gravitated more towards Buddhism

Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation using advanced irrigation systems, was crucial to the economy of the Khmer Empire and supported its large population.

Angkor Wat

A massive temple complex in Cambodia built during the Khmer Empire, originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu but later transformed into a Buddhist site.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system that gave conquered non-Christian peoples to conquerors as a reward.

Martin Luther

German theologian and religious reformer who is best known for initiating the Protestant Reformation in the early 16th century

challenged the practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church, notably by publishing his 'Ninety-Five Theses' in 1517, which criticized the sale of indulgences and other church practices

Bhakti Movement

Encouraged believers to worship one particular god in the Hindu pantheon

Rejected the hierarchy of Hinduism

Monsoon Winds

seasonal winds that bring significant changes in weather patterns, particularly characterized by heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and dry conditions during the off-season

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Bartolomé de Las Casas was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer, and Dominican friar. He is best known for his advocacy for the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas during the age of exploration. His writings provide a critical perspective on the effects of exploration and colonization on the native populations.

Quipu

a recording device used by ancient Andean cultures to communicate and keep records without a written language. used to organize collective action agaiinst the Spanish in the Pueblo revolt

Hernan Cortes

A Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico during the 16th century, achieving victory with a relatively small force by utilizing superior weaponry and strategic alliances with indigenous groups against the Aztecs, ultimately establishing Spanish colonial rule in the region.

Chinampas

a form of ancient agricultural innovation used by the Aztecs, consisting of floating gardens built on shallow lake beds

Zen Buddhism

a branch of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation, mindfulness, and the direct experience of enlightenment

originated in China as Chan Buddhism, it later spread to Japan, where it became known as Zen

Pure Land Buddhism (Mahayana)

A branch of Mahayana Buddhism focused on the belief in Amitabha Buddha and the promise of rebirth in the Pure Land, a place of spiritual purity and enlightenment that offers devotees a path to achieve enlightenment through faith and devotion

King Afonso

ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in the first half of the 16th century. He reigned over the Kongo Empire from 1509 to late 1542 or 1543.

European Agricultural Revolution

A period of significant agricultural development in Europe marked by increased productivity through innovations such as crop rotation, selective breeding, and the introduction of new farming tools.

King Louis XIV

The monarch of France from 1643 to 1715, known as the "Sun King," who centralized power and established a strong absolute monarchy while promoting arts and culture and expanding French territory through military campaigns.

known for the construction of the Palace of Versailles

Hacienda System

a large estate or plantation characterized by its reliance on forced labor, especially of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans, to produce crops like sugar, coffee, and tobacco

Trans-Saharan Trade

trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa that requires travel across the Sahara

Mansa Musa

Mali

Taj Mahal

Triangular Trade

Maroon Societies

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Seljuk Empire

Delhi Sultanate

Margery Kempe

Incan Terraced Farming

The carving of steps of flat land up the side of the mountain to create flat land for farming

Devshirme

General Crisis

an alleged period of widespread regional conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe

Vasco de Gama

The Portuguese nobleman Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon in 1497 on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East. After sailing down the western coast of Africa his expedition made numerous stops in Africa before reaching the trading post of Calicut, India

Da Gama was sent on a second expedition to India in 1502, during which he brutally clashed with Muslim traders in the region.

The Counter-Reformation

Casta System

The SIlk Road

Bananas

Bananas, originally from Southeast Asia, became a staple food and a significant export product for countries like Ecuador, Costa Rica, and the Philippines

Plantation Economies

Cash Crops in the Americas

Malacca

Controlled the strait where gold, spices, silk, and tea passed through, making it an important and wealthy trade center.

Absolutism

a political doctrine and type of government where a monarch or dictator has complete power over a state and its people

Mit'a System

Chattel Slavery

a form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, and owned. This brutal system became widespread during the establishment of maritime empires, where enslaved people were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to work on plantations, significantly shaping economic systems and social hierarchies in the Americas and Europe.

Ming Admiral Zheng He

Admiral Zheng He was a Chinese Muslim explorer who was sent by the Ming dynasty emperor on seven diplomatic missions to increase trade and secure tribute from foreign powers

Palace of Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Ming and Qing Empires

Ming = A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Qing = the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu

The Middle Passage

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

The Crusades

Aztec Religion

Monytezuma

Tariffs

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was established in 1526 by Babur after his victory at the First Battle of Panipat

The empire is known for its impressive architecture, including the Taj Mahal and Red Fort, which reflect a fusion of Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles.

Akbar's administrative reforms included creating a centralized and accepting government that supported intellectual pursuits

Aurangzeb transformed the empire into one that was not religiously nor ethically tolerant

Jizya tax was removed/reintegrated

The Mughal Empire controlled key trade routes and participated significantly in the Indian Ocean trade network, enhancing its economic strength.

Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Had strong military powers that utilized gunpowder and innovative artillery which helped them to expand and protect their territory.

Sufism

Safavid Empire

Established Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion, while the Ottoman Empire state religion was Sunni

Not religiously tolerant like the Ottomans

Fought 9 wars with the Ottomans

Philippine Islands & the Spanish

Protestant Reformation

Sunni-Shia Divide

Tribute System

Marco Polo

Grand Canal

Islamic preseravtion of Greek texts

Caravel

Carrack

Fluyt

a type of ship developed in the Dutch town of Hoorn. It had a far larger cargo capacity than other vessels of the time.

Potatoes influence on population in Afro-Eurasia

Joint Stock Companies

Trading Post Empire

Little Ice Age

A period of regional cooling between roughly the 14th-19th centuries, marked by colder temperatures and harsher winters, which significantly impacted agriculture and society, particularly in Europe, leading to food shortages, social unrest, migration, and sometimes even famine

The Mongol Empire

Great Zimbabwe

Caravanserai

Byzantine Empire

Mandate of Heaven

Mercantilism

Champa Rice

Serfdom

Foot-binding

Great Dying

Filial Piety

Pax Mongolia

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta was a Muslim Morrocan traveler, reaching a great mass of the world in trips to almost all of the Muslim countries , China, and Sumatra

New Forms of Credit/Money Economy

Camel Saddle and Caravans

Feudalism