IB Psych Unit 1 Test

True Experiment

A controlled experiment where the independent variable is manipulated to observe impact (to find cause and effect) and uses random assignment

Quasi Experiment

A research method that resembles a true experiment but LACKS RANDOM ASSIGNMENT to different groups, the researches get to choose what group gets what condition. Unable to determine cause and effect

Survey

A set of questions used to obtain information from a respondent about a topic of interest, such as attitudes, behaviors, personality, or values

Case Study

A detailed analysis over time of an area (a case) to produce context dependent knowledge. Could also be in depth study of an individual. Typically conducted on cases that are rare and therefore can't be replicated

Confounding Variables

A variable that can influence the outcome of an investigation.

Ecological Validity

The extent to which the results of an investigation can apply to the real world (without the lab artificial nature)

Reductionist conclusions

Taking complex ideas and phenomena and breaking them down into simpler parts (opposite of holism)

Participant bias

When participants in a study alter their behavior or responses due to their awareness of being observed

Responder Bias

The tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that does not accurately reflect their true thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Can affect the validity and reliability of the data, correlated with social desirability.

Controlled observation

A method where researchers closely monitor and record specific behaviors in a controlled environment

Overt observation

Observing participants openly, so they are aware of being watched

Covert observation

obeserving participants without their knowledge, to avoid participant expectations altering their behavior

Participant observation

Researchers immerse themselves in the activities of the group being studied, participating in them basically

Observer effect

A bias in observational research where the participant alters their behavior as a result of their knowledge of being observed

Internal validity

The extent that a measurement conducted within a study accurately measures or assess what it claims to measure (disney princess example)

Content validity

The extent to which an investigation or tool measures all appropriate components of a given phenomenon

Construct Validity

The extent to which an investigation or study actually measures the underlying theory it claims to measure

Face validity

The extent to which an investigation seems to measure what it is claiming to measure (on the surface)

External validity (ecological validity)

How it can be generalized or use in the real world without the artifical lab setting

Parallel reliability

The practice of using 2 different versions of an assessment or data gathering tool and comparing it

Interrater reliability

The practice of having 2 or more researchers code or analyse the same data

Member checking

The practice of sharing the results of thematic analysis with the participants

Triangulation

The use of multiple research methods or data sources to increase reliability

Repeated measures

test the exact same participants across every condition or time point

Independent measures

(between-groups) use completely separate groups of participants for each condition.

Thematic analysis

researchers analyse the responses of participants and annotate transcripts to organize those responses into different themes

structured interview

uses fixed, pre determined questions in a strict order

semi structured interview

uses a flexible guide with open ended questions

focus groups

interactive group discussions faciliatated by a moderator