Speech

Central Processing

The audience actively engages with the message and the information provided.

Peripheral Processing

The audience's opinion is based on superficial persuasion, swayed easily without much engagement with the core message.

Vocal Fillers

Words like 'um' and 'ah' that fill pauses while a speaker is thinking about what to say next.

Mumbling

Speaking quietly or indistinctly, making it difficult for the audience to understand.

Scanning

A method where the speaker either breaks words into syllables or looks at different audience members.

Talking Head

The act of speaking directly to the audience or camera.

Enlighten

To impart information without aiming for persuasion.

Advocate

To persuade and take a stance on an issue.

Backstory

The setup of events that precedes the main story.

Problem/Solution Pattern

An organizational pattern presenting a problem followed by one or more solutions.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory of human motivation categorized into levels from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Claim

An arguable statement used to support or prove an argument.

Evidence

Support provided for an argument.

One-Sided Message

A message that presents evidence for only one side of an argument.

Two-Sided Message

A message that presents both sides of an argument.

Comparative Advantage Pattern

A persuasive arrangement that compares opinions and argues why one is better.

Refutation Pattern

A persuasive arrangement that presents and then disproves opposing arguments.

Beliefs

Impact the way an audience receives a message.

Connotative Meaning

The emotional associations or suggested meanings triggered by a word.

Denotative Meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word.

Concrete Words

Words that refer to tangible objects.

Abstract Words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts.

Clutter

Discourse that takes more words than necessary to express an idea.

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the arrangement of words.

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structures.

Extemporaneous Speaking

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech presented from a brief set of notes.

Conversational Quality

Presenting a speech to sound spontaneous regardless of rehearsals.

Kinesics

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

Gestures

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

Pathos

Emotional appeal used in persuasion.

Ethos

Credibility or ethical appeal of a speaker.

Logos

Logical appeal based on evidence and reasoning.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Fallacy in Reasoning

An error in reasoning that affects arguments.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy where one jumps to conclusions based on insufficient evidence.

Bandwagon Fallacy

The assumption that something popular is inherently good or correct.

Red Herring Fallacy

Introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the main subject.

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Attacking the person rather than addressing the real issue.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Assuming that one step will lead to a series of events that cannot be prevented.

Appeal to Tradition

Assuming that old things are automatically better than new things.

Appeal to Novelty

Assuming that new things are automatically better than old things.