Part B – Newtons Laws and Energy Conservation; Vehicles and Drivers.

Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion.

Friction

A force between surfaces that resists motion, like air resistance or tires on a road.

Gravity

A force that pulls objects toward Earth, giving them weight.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion — it stays still or keeps moving unless acted on.

Newtons First Law

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

Newtons Second Law

• An object accelerates in the direction of an unbalanced force, calculated by using the formula F = m x a

Newtons Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction — like a tire pushing back on the road and the road pushing the car forward.

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change, such as moving a car or heating an engine.

Transfer

When energy moves from one object to another, like heat from a motor to the air.

Transform

When energy changes form, such as fuel's chemical energy turning into kinetic energy.

Conservation of energy

Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it is never created or destroyed.

Energy efficiency

A measure of how much useful energy is produced during a transfer, compared to how much is wasted.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of a moving object — the faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it has.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to an object's position or structure, like a car parked on a hill.

Gravitational Kinetic Energy

The energy gained as an object falls, converting gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy.