NURS Theory Chapters 11, 12, 13

What is the purpose of grand theories?

to organize various pieces of information around an identified broad concept, or central point, associated with nursing practice

What is the purpose of grand theories regarding helping nurses?

to understand the individual components that influence nursing perceptions and practices connected to a specific concept

How do grand theories assist nurses as a group?

to productively use, discuss, and investigate important concepts

What is Myra Estrin Levine’s theory?

Conservation Model

How did Levine’s theory evolve?

from effort to teach major concepts in medical-surgical nursing

What did Levine’s theory attempt to do?

refocus nursing education practices on active problem solving an individualized patient care

What is the core or central concept of Levine’s theory?

conservation

How does Levine define conservation?

state in which an individual’s adaptive responses confront change productively and with the least expenditure of effort, while preserving optimal function and identity

How is conservation achieved according to Levine?

through successful activation of adaptive pathways and behaviors that are appropriate for the wide range of responses required by functioning human beings

What three factors influence conservation?

historicity, specificity, and redundancy

What is historicity?

adaptive responses are partially based on personal and genetic past history

What is specificity?

each system within a human being has unique stimulus-response pathways; responses

What is redundancy?

if one system is unable to ensure adaptation, another pathway may take over and complete the job (helpful or harmful)

What is the 1st principle of conservation?

the conservation of energy of the individual

What is the 2nd principle of conservation?

the conservation of the structural integrity of the individual

What is the 3rd principle of conservation?

the conservation of the personal integrity of the individual

What is the 4th principle of conservation?

The conservation of the social integrity of the individual

What does Levine believe health and disease are?

patterns of adaptation

What does Levine believe to be the purpose of nursing?

to take care of others when support of adaptive change is needed

What is the goal of conservation?

optimal health

What are the most successful adaptations according to Levine?

those that best support state of conservation with the least amount energy expended

What do nurses bear according to Levine?

heavy responsibility by entering a person’s life in vulnerable times of temporary dependency

What is Betty Neuman’s theory?

Systems Model

What are the intentions behind Neuman’s Systems Model?

to assist in teaching nurses in the 1970s and to provide a “unifying” focus for a wide range of nursing concerns”

What does Neuman’s Systems Model consider?

all variables affecting client’s possible or actual response to stressors

What does Neuman’s systems model explain?

how system stability is achieved in relation to environmental stressors imposed on client

What did Neuman believe about the World?

comprised of connected systems that exert influence on one another

What does Neuman believe about disruption?

one system will affect all associated systems

What does Neuman believe about larger systems?

They are comprised of layers of smaller systems

What is the Human’s Response system?

alarm, resistance or adaption, exhaution, adjustment or healing

What is the philosophical base of Neuman’s Systems Model?

wholism, wellness orientation, and client perception and motivation

What are dynamic systems according to Neuman?

perspective to mitigate possible harm from internal/external stressors

What are the 4 concepts of partnership between caregiver and client in Neuman’s system?

person, environment, health, and nursing

What is Sister Callista Roy’s Theory?

Adaptation Model

What are the two concepts of Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM)?

system and adaptation

How does Roy define a system?

grouping of units that are related and connected, forming a unified whole. May be individual, family, group, community, or society

How does Roy define adaptation?

effective coping mechanisms that promote integrity for a person, or groups, for survival, growth, reproduction, mastery

What are the four modes of adaptation?

physiologic-physical adaptation, self concept-group identity adaptation, role function adapatation, and interdependence adaptation

How does Roy consider humans to be?

wholistic, adaptive systems as both individuals and groups

How does Roy think about the environment?

made up of internal and external stimuli from around the individual or group system

How does Roy define health?

a state and process of being and becoming an integrated whole as a human being

What is the goal of nursing according to Roy?

promote the 4 modes of adaption