T lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity and B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

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Last updated 9:25 AM on 9/17/26
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8 Terms

1
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What are the two types of lymphocyte?

  • B lymphocytes (B cells) - humoral immunity

  • T lymphocytes (T cells) - cell mediated immunity

Lymphocytes are involved in the body’s specific response as they react to specific atigens


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Cell mediated immunity

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell

  • pathogens invade body cells/are taken in by phagocytes

  • phagocyte places antigens from pathogen on its cell-surface membrane

  • receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens

  • attachment stimulates T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells

  • cloned T cells have four different functions


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Four functions of cloned T cells

  • develop into memory cells to enable a rapid response to future infection by the same pathogen

  • stimulates phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

  • stimulates B cells to divide and secrete their antibody

  • activate cytotoxic T cells


<ul><li><p>develop into memory cells to enable a rapid response to future infection by the same pathogen</p></li><li><p>stimulates phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis</p></li><li><p>stimulates B cells to divide and secrete their antibody</p></li><li><p>activate cytotoxic T cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

  • produce protein called perforin

  • makes holes in cell-surface membrane

  • cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances so cells die


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What does humoral immunity involve?

Antibodies

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What is clonal selection?

  • an antigen enters blood/tissue fluid

  • antigen attaches to complementory antibody

  • antigen enters B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface

  • T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate B cell to divide by mitosis

  • all clones produce antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen


<ul><li><p>an antigen enters blood/tissue fluid</p></li><li><p>antigen attaches to complementory antibody</p></li><li><p>antigen enters B cell by endocytosis and gets presented on its surface</p></li><li><p>T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate B cell to divide by mitosis</p></li><li><p>all clones produce antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What do plasma cells do?

  • secrete antibodies into blood plasma

  • these antibodies lead to the destruction of the antigen

  • responsible for immediate defence against infection (primary immune response)


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What do memory cells do?

  • responsible for secondary immune response

  • live longer than plasma cells (decades)

  • circulate in blood and tissue fluid

  • when the encounter the same antigen at a later date, they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells

  • create long term immunity against original infection