IB Exercise Science Unit 1 Exam

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Superior

Upward

Inferior

Downward

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Above

Distal

Below

Plantar

Top of Foot

Dorsum

Bottom of foot

Agonist (Prime Mover)

The muscle responsible for the main action

Antagonist (Opposite force)

The muscle that opposes the agonist’s action

Agonist: Flexion

Antagonist: Extension

Agonist: Abduction

Antagonist: Adduction

Agonist: External Rotation

Antagonist: Internal Rotation

Agonist: Supination

Antagonist: Pronation

Agonist: Protraction

Antagonist: Retraction

Agonist: Dorsiflexion

Antagonist: Plantar Flexion

Agonist: Inversion

Antagonist: Eversion

Agonist: Elevation

Antagonist: Depression

Shoulder Abduction (Ag/Anta)

Deltoid/ Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder Adduction (Ag/ Anta)

Latissimus Dorsi/ Deltoid

Elbow Flexion (Ag/ Anta)

Bicep Brachii/ Tricep Brachii

Elbow Extension (Ag/ Anta)

Tricep Brachii/ Biceps Brachii

Hip Abduction (Ag/ Anta)

Gluteus med & min/ Adductor magnus

Hip Adduction (Ag/ Anta)

Adductor magnus/ Gluteus med & min

Hip Flexion (Ag/ Anta)

Iliacus/ Gluteus max

Hip Extension (Ag/ Anta)

Gluteus max/ Iliacus

Knee Flexion (Ag/ Anta)

Hamstrings/ Quadriceps

Knee Extension (Ag/ Anta)

Quadriceps/ Hamstrings

Plantar Flexion (Ag/ Anta)

Gastrocnemius + Soleus/ Tibialis anterior

Dorsiflexion (Ag/ Anta)

Tibialis anterior/ Gastrocnemius + Soleus

Fibrous

Immovable connections formed by dense fibrous tissue

Ex: Skull (Jaw)

Cartilaginous

Slightly movable joints w/ cartilage connections

Ex: Rib cage and in between Vertebrae

Synovial

Freely movable joints w/ synovial fluid lubrication

Ex: Shoulder, Knee, and Elbow

Ball and Socket Joint

Sphere-shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone

Ex: Shoulder, hip

Gliding Joint

Usually flat or slightly curved bone

Ex: Wrist, Ankle

Hinge Joint

A convex surface fits into concave surface

Ex: Knee, Elbow

Pivot Joint

The rounded surface of one bone rolls around in a ring formed by bone and ligament

Ex: Neck and Forearm

Saddle Joint

A saddle-shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of rider sitting in the saddle

Ex: Thumb joint

Condyloid Joint

Sphere-shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone

Ex: Knuckles

Ligaments (Stabilized Joints)

Connect bone to bone

Tendons (Enables Movement)

Connect Muscle to Bone

Flat Bone

Ex: Frontal Bone, Scapula, Sternum, Ribcage

Irregular Bone

Ex: Vertebrate, Maxilla, Mandible

Short Bone

Ex: Carpals, Tarsals

Sesamoid Bone

Ex: Patella

Long Bone

Ex: Femur, Humorous, Radius, Ulna, Tibia, Fibula, Phalanges

Pectoral Girdle

Helps articulate the limb bones to the main axial skeleton Scapula and Clavicle

Pelvic Girdle

Helps articulate the limb bones to the main axial skeleton Sacrum and Coccyx

Cervical Region of Vertebral Column (C1-C7)

Supports skull and neck

Thoracic Region of Vertebral Column (T1-T12)

Articulates w/ the ribs

Lumbar Region of Vertebral Column (L1-L5)

Carries majority of body weight

True Ribs (1-7)

Directly attach to sternum

False Ribs (8-10)

Indirect attachment

Floating Ribs (2)

• Do not attach anteriorly

• Protect abdominal organs

• Attachment point for muscles and diaphragm

Axial Skeleton

• Vertebral Column

• Skull

• Ribcage

Appendicular Skeleton

• Limbs (Arms and Legs)

• Supporting structures - Girdles (pectoral and pelvic)

Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary movement

• Line blood vessels, hollow organs and joints

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary movement

• Heart beat

Skeletal Muscle Tissues

• Voluntary movement

• Muscle tendons attach to bone

Origin (Proximal)

The point where the muscle attached to the more stationary bone

Insertion (Distal)

The point where the muscle attached to the more moveable bone

Insertion (distal)

The point where the muscle attached to the most moved part of the bone

Myoglobin

Protein found in heart and skeletal muscles (vertebrae)

Slow-Twitch Muscle fibre

Have very slow contraction speed, primarily responsible for sustained low intensity activities

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibre

Skeletal muscles cells responsible for rapid, powerful movements, fatigue rapidly due to their reliance on anaerobic metabolism

Type 1 (Slow Twitch)

• best for endurance activities and rely on aerobic metabolism

• small muscle fiber

Type 2a (Fast-Twitch Oxidative)

• fibres are versatile because they use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

• medium muscle fiber

Type 2b (Fast-Twitch Glycolytic)

• fibres produce high force for short durations

• large muscle fiber

Musculoskeletal System 5 Functions

• to support body and stay upright

• to allow movement (posture control (voluntary))

• to protect body’s vital organs

• to store minerals

• generates 85% of body heat (involuntary (shivering))

Functions of Axial System

• Human Nervous System

• DOMS

Human Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain and Spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)

  • Nerves extending from spinal column to limbs

  • Motor pathways

    • Somatic Nervous System

      • Voluntary

    • Autonomic nervous system

      • Involuntary

D.O.M.S.

Delayed. Onset. Muscle. Soreness.

• Occurs 24-72 hours after training

• Occurs due to eccentric loading of the muscle

  • Duce to muscle damage and inflammation

During a dumbbell bicep curl, when the athlete is lowering the weight from the fully contracted position back to the starting position, what type of contraction occurs in the biceps brachii?

eccentric contraction - the muscle lengthens

An individual is performing a push-up and pauses midway, holding their body in a fixed position. What type of contraction occurs in the pectoralis major during this hold?

isometric contraction - generating force but no length change

When performing a bench press, which type of contraction occurs in the triceps brachii as the athlete pushes the bar up from their chest?

concentric contraction - the muscle shortens

In a wall sit exercise, the person maintains a seated position with their back against a wall and knees bent at a 90 degree angle. What type of muscle contraction occurs in the quadriceps during this static hold?

isometric contraction - generates force but no change in length

While performing a deadlift, what type of contraction occurs in the hamstrings and gluteus maximus as the person slowly lowers the bar back to the floor?

eccentric contraction - the muscle lengthens

During a pull-up, what type of contraction occurs in the latissimus dorsi as the athlete lifts their body toward the bar?

concentric contraction - muscle shortens