Anatomy Unit 5 - Articulation II Oral and facial landscapes

Faucial pillars (arches)

Bands of tissue on each side of the soft palate, ends the oral open area

Oralpharyngeal isthmus

Narrowing in vocal tract between faucial pillars

Boundaries of oral cavity and pharynx junction

Soft palate above, dorsum of the tongue below

Buccal cavity

Lateral to oral cavity - space between teeth and cheeks

Philtrum

groove between base of nose and upper lip

Vermilion border

transition between skin of face and lips

Teeth (functions)

speech

Two sets of teeth

deciduous (20)

permanent (32)

Parts of tooth

crown, neck root

Tooth crown

covered by enamel - hardest structure in the human body - resists attrition and abrasion

Tooth root

embeded in the jaw, covered by a bone0like substance called cementum

Dentin

Makes the solid portion of a tooth

Dental morphology - four types

Incisors (8)

Canines (4)

Premolars (4)

Molars (4-6)

Dental surfaces

Medial, Distal, Lingual, Buccal/Labial, Occlusal

Medial surface

side of tooth toward middle teeth (red)

Distal surface 

side of tooth away from middle teeth (dark blue)

Lingual surface

side of tooth toward tongue (light blue)

Buccal/labial surface

front of teeth toward lips (buccal wall) (green)

Occlusal surface 

surface between upper and lower teeth (yellow)

Incisors

biting off food, large crowns, single roots

Canines/cuspids

piercing and cutting food, single roots, largest roots give rise to canine eminence

Premolars/bicuspids

cutting and shearing food, two cusps on occlusal surface, not present in deciduous teeth, 1 or 2 roots

Molars

large teeth with large occlusal surfaces, crushing and pulping food - mixing with salivary enzymes, variable number of cusps and roots

Tooth eruption pattern

deciduous teeth stay for 4-10 years, mixed dentition stage, permanent set contains successional and superadded teeth

age 1: mandibular central incisor, maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor

age 1.5: mandibular lateral incisor, 1st molars, canines

age 2: 2nd molars

age 6: permanent teeth start: upper/lower center incisors, upper/lower 1st molars, lower lateral incisors

age 8-9: upper lateral incisors

age 10-13: canines, upper/lower 1st and 2nd premolars, 2nd molars

post puberty: 3rd molars

Dental occlusion

contact pattern between teeth when jaws closed

normal occlusion: maxillary incisors labially overlap the mandibular incisors with slight overlap of remaining maxillary dentition

Malocclusion

misalignment of dental structures

class I: arches are properly aligned but individual teeth are misaligned

class II: maxilla is protruded and mandible is receded (overbite)

class III: maxilla is receded and mandible is protruded (underbite)

tongue anatomy - made of what?

• mucous membrane

• fibrous submucosal layer

• muscle tissue

• nerve fibers

• blood vessels

• fibrous midline septum

  • separates two halves

median or medial sulcus = depression on tongue surface

covered in papillae that hold taste buds

midline septum

vertical layer of fibrous tissue in the tongue midline

Lingual frenulum and ankyloglossia

band of tissue running from inner mandible mucosa to underside of the tongue 

tongue tie - short and thick lingual frenulum, limited mobility, minor speech and feeding problems

Place of articulation names

active and passive articulator

Coronal sounds

dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, retroflex - tongue tip

Dental sounds

tongue tip and upper front teeth - tip pointed up (the, thin)

alveolar sounds

tongue tip and alveolar ridge (tap, sin, night) - tip is up

palato-alveolar/post-alveolar sounds

tongue blade and hard palate (shin, yet) - tip pointed down

retroflex sounds

tongue tip and hard palate - tip pointed up

Dorsal sounds

palatal, velar, uvular - often vowels - raise the jaw, raise body of tongue

palatal sounds

front of tongue and hard/soft palate (key, geese)

velar sounds

back of tongue and velum (gone)

uvular sounds

back of tongue and uvula

glottal sounds

vocal folds - adduct and tense the vocal folds (and sometimes ventricular folds) (hot, uh-oh)

coarticulation

movements for different sounds overlap with each other

synergy

articulators that work together to form a constriction