SCIENTIFIC METHOD, BODY SYSTEMS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Cells

_____: Basic units of life; in multicellular organisms they are specialized for different functions

Tissues

_____: Collections of the same type of cells working together for a specific function

Organs

_____: Structures made of different tissues working together for a shared function

Organ systems

_____: Groups of organs that work together to perform vital functions for survival

Cardiovascular system (connection)

_____: The system that links all organs by transporting nutrients, gases, wastes, and other substances through blood

Digestive system

_____: Body system that releases nutrients and energy from food and removes solid waste.

General digestive function

_____: Break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate undigested material

Oral cavity

_____: Entry point of the digestive system; takes in food, breaks it down, mixes it into a bolus, and begins starch digestion.

Bolus

_____: A soft, mixed, ball-like mass of food formed in the mouth for swallowing

Stomach

_____: Organ that churns food with gastric juices; starts protein digestion, kills microbes with acid, and absorbs small amounts (e.g., alcohol)

Alcohol absorption

_____: Alcohol is absorbed directly through stomach cells into the blood, causing faster effects on an empty stomach

Small intestine

_____: Site where all food groups are digested and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

Large intestine

_____: Absorbs water, houses bacteria that produce vitamins that are absorbed by the body

Gut bacteria (large intestine)

_____: Microbes that feed on waste, producing vitamins that are absorbed by the body

Rectum

_____: Final section of the large intestine; compacts leftover material into feces

Feces

_____: Solid waste eliminated from the body

Digestive system complexity

_____: Necessary because humans eat varied foods, unlike animals with specialized diets (e.g., cheetahs, cows, tapeworms)

Water in digestion

_____: Required throughout digestion; supplied by saliva, stomach acid, and digestive juices, with some water reabsorbed in the large intestine

Salivary Glands

_____: Produce saliva and the enzyme amylase, which begins breaking starch into glucose

Amylase

_____: Enzyme in saliva that starts the digestion of starch into glucose

Digestive Glands (stomach)

_____: Produce acid and pepsin to begin protein digestion; stomach lining also produces mucus for protection

Pepsin

_____: Stomach enzyme that begins breaking down proteins

Stomach mucus

_____: Protective coating that shields stomach cells from harsh acid

Pancreas

_____: Produces enzymes that digest all food groups and releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acidic stomach contents

Sodium bicarbonate (in digestion)

_____: Chemical from the pancreas that neutralizes stomach acid entering the small intestine

Liver

_____: Produces bile, which helps break down fats by emulsifying large fat droplets into smaller ones

Bile

_____: Substance from the liver that emulsifies fats, making them easier for enzymes to break down

Bile salts

_____: Components of bile that split fat globs into smaller globules for enzyme attack

Gall bladder

_____: Stores and concentrates bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine

Digestive system (pathogen entry)

_____: Opens to the environment through the oral cavity making it an easy entry point for pathogens in ingested food or drink. The microbes that survive to the intestine can grow, damage intestinal cells, or release toxins

Microbial toxins (digestive)

_____: Substances produced by pathogens that get absorbed into the blood and cause symptoms even outside the digestive system

Cardiovascular system

_____: Body system made of the heart and blood vessels that transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body

Heart

_____: Muscular pump that drives blood through vessels

Arteries

_____: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

_____: Thin-walled vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, water, and wastes occurs between blood and cells

Vein

_____: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart

Oxygenation (in lungs)

_____: Process where blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases carbon dioxide

Respiratory system

_____: Includes the lungs and structures that bring air into the body for gas exchange

Nasal Cavity

_____: Air entry point where air is cleaned, warmed, and moistened by mucus and nasal hairs

Oral cavity (respiration)

_____: Entry point where the air is warmed and moistened

Epiglottis

_____: Flap that opens to allow air into the trachea and closes to direct food toward the esophagus

Trachea

_____: Airway supported by cartilage rings and lined the cilia that push particles upward and away from the lungs

Bronchi (bronchus)

_____: Tubes branching from the trachea into each lung

Bronchioles

_____: Smallest air tubes in the lungs leading to alveoli

Alveoli

_____: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood

Gas exchange

_____: Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli to be exhaled

Exhalation

_____: Air high in carbon dioxide is expelled through the nasal or oral cavities

Blood delivery of oxygen

_____: After gas exchange, oxygen rich blood travels through vessels to all body cells

Nutrient distribution

_____: Blood carries digested nutrients from the digestive system to cells

Cellular respiration

_____: Chemical process in cells using oxygen and nutrients (like glucose) to produce ATP energy and carbon dioxide

Cellular waste products

_____: Harmful by-products of cellular reactions; diffuse from cells into the blood for removal

Waste removal

_____: Blood carries wastes to the urinary or digestive systems for elimination

Cardiovascular system role

_____: Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon and other wastes

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

_____: The energy-carrying molecule used by cells to power chemical reactions

Energy transfer (cellular respiration)

_____: Converts energy stored in nutrient bonds (e.g., glucose) into energy stored in ATP bonds because cells cannot use nutrient energy directly

Oxygen source

_____: Delivered to cells by respiratory system

Glucose source

_____: Obtained from digestion of food by the digestive system

Carbon dioxide removal

_____: Waste product transported to the lungs and exhaled by the respiratory system

Role of cardiovascular system in respiration

_____: Distributes oxygen and glucose to cells and carries carbon dioxide away

ATP demand

_____: Increases when cells need more energy; cells produce ATP at the rate required for activity

Cardiovascular response to ATP demand

_____: Heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen and glucose to cells

Respiratory response to ATP demand

_____: Breathing rate increases to bring in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide

Homeostasis

_____: The maintenance of stable internal conditions within narrow limits so the body can function efficiently.

Homeostatic mechanisms

_____: Processes that detect changes in the body and activate responses to return conditions to normal.

Fever (homeostasis)

_____: Increase in body temperature triggers the body to initiate cooling responses.

High blood glucose (homeostasis)

_____: After eating carbohydrates, the body detects high blood glucose and activates mechanisms to lower it.

Body systems in homeostasis

_____: All body systems have mechanisms that work independently and together to maintain stable internal conditions.

How Scientists use the method

• Controlling variables : Designing experiments to reduce other influences that might affect results.
  Reproducibility : The ability of other researchers to repeat the experiment and get similar results.
  Peer testing : Other scientists testing conclusions to see if they hold in different situations.

Western science

_____: A way of knowing based on measurable, observable evidence; engages the mind and body

Traditional knowledge

_____: Knowledge passed through generations, involving mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects.

Braiding ways of knowing

_____: Dr. Kimmerer’s idea that scientific knowledge, traditional knowledge, and plant knowledge work together like braided strands.

• Braiding Sweetgrass : A book by Dr. Kimmerer exploring the relationship between scientific knowledge, traditional knowledge, and nature.
  Plants as teachers : The idea that plants can teach traditional knowledge when human elders are not present.

3 Sisters Metaphor

• Three Sisters : A traditional polyculture of corn, beans, and squash that grow better together than separately.
  Corn (metaphor) : Represents values-based elder knowledge—strong, guiding, supportive.
  Pole bean (metaphor) : Represents western science—powerful and beneficial but must stay in balance or it dominates the system.
  Squash (metaphor) : Represents institutions—creates a supportive environment (“microclimate”) allowing different knowledges to coexist and thrive.
  Traditional knowledge values : Reciprocity, respect, reverence, responsibility, and relations—values that guide and balance science.