unit 12.2: hygiene

hygiene

the science of health and maintenance

personal hygiene

the self-care by which people attend to such functions as bathing, toileting, general body hygiene, and grooming

1. early morning care

2. morning care

types of hygienic care

early morning care

(types of hygienic care)

• provided to clients as they awaken in the morning

• consists of private urinal or bedpan to the client confined to bed, washing the face and hands , and giving oral care

morning care

(types of hygienic care)

• often provided after clients have breakfast, although it may be provided before breakfast

• it usually includes providing for elimination needs, a bath or shower, perineal care, back massage, and oral, nail, and hair care, and making a client's bed.

1. culture

2. religion

3. environment

4. developmental level

5. health and energy

6. personal preference

factors influencing individual hygienic practices:

culture

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• some value privacy while bathing and some prefer communal.

• filipinos make odour a taboo.

religion

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• ceremonial washing is practiced by some religions like muslim; they wash their body once in seven days in certain orders.

environment

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• finances may also affect the availability of the facility for bathing

• not all can afford the materials needed for bathing like bath soap etc.

developmental level

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• children learns hygiene at home which varies according to age

• some elderly needs assistance in hygienic care

health and energy

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• the sick patients may not have the motivation or energy to attend or maintain proper hygiene

personal preference

(factors influencing individual hygienic practices)

• some clients prefer shower and some consider another option for maintaining their hygienic practices

1. An intact, healthy skin is the body’s first line of defense

2. The degree to which the skin protects the underlying tissues form injury depends on the general health of the cells, amount subcutaneous tissues, and dryness of the skin

3. Moisture in contact with the skin for more than a short time can result in increased bacterial growth and irritation

4. Body odor are caused by resident skin bacteria acting on body secretions

5. Skin sensitivity to irritation and injury varies among individuals and in accordance with their health

6. Agents used for skin care have selective action

general guidelines for skin care:

bathing

• removes accumulated oil, perspiration, dead skin cells , and some bacteria.

• stimulates circulation

• produces a sense of well-being

1. cleaning

2. therapeutic

two categories of baths:

cleaning baths

(two categories of baths)

• are given chiefly for hygiene purposes

1. complete bed bath

2. partial bed bath

3. bag bath

4. tub bath

5. shower

types of cleaning baths:

complete bed bath

(types of cleaning baths)

• the nurses washes the entire body of a dependent client in bed

partial bath (abbreviated bath)

(types of cleaning baths)

• only the parts of the client's body that might cause discomfort or odor are washed

bag bath

(types of cleaning baths)

• this bath is commercially prepared product that contained 10-12 presoaked disposable washcloths that contain no-rinse cleanser solution.

tub bath

(types of cleaning baths)

• the baths are often preferred to bed baths

• are also used for therapeutic baths

• sponge baths are suggested for newborn

shower

(types of cleaning baths)

• many ambulatory clients are able to use shower facilities and require only minimal assistance form the nurse and also the SO

therapeutic baths

(two categories of baths)

• are given for physical effects, such as to soothe irritated skin or to treat the area.

1. To remove transient microorganism and body secretions and excretions, and dead skin cells

2. To stimulate circulation of the skin

3. To promote a sense of well-being

4. To produce relaxation and comfort

5. To prevent and eliminate unpleasant body odors

purpose of bathing an adult or pediatric client

1. the condition of the skin

2. physical or emotional factors of the patient

3. presence of pain

4. range of motion

5. any aspect of health

6. the need to use clean gloves

before bathing, assess..

the nurse remains responsible for assessment and client care.

planning-delegation, the nurse often delegates the skill of bathing to UAP, however..

the water should be warm

equipment for bathing an adult or pediatric client

perineal-genital care

• is also referred to as perineal care or pericare

• most clients understand what is meant I the nurse simple says, “I’ll give you a washcloth to finish your bath”

• some older clients may be familiar with the term private parts

1. stimulation of the gums

2. mechanical brushing

3. flossing of the teeth

4. flushing of the mouth

good oral hygiene includes daily…

specific oral hygiene measures

(oral care)

• major role of the nurse is to teach clients about…

oral cavity

(oral care)

• is also important same as the other parts of the body

twice a day; morning and evening.

oral care is done..

1. dental hygiene should begin when the first tooth erupts and be practiced after each feeding

2. cleaning can be accomplished by using a wet washcloth or small gauze moistened with water

oral care for infants and toddlers:

1. beginning at about 18 months of age, brush the child’s teeth with a soft toothbrush

2. give fluoride supplement daily or as recommended by primary care provider or dentist

3. schedule an initial dental visit

4. some dentists recommend an inspection type of visit when the child is about 18 months

5. seek professional dental attention for any problem

(oral care for infants and toddlers)

• the nurse should give parents the following instructions:

1. fluoride remains important at this stage to prevent dental caries

2. preschoolers need to be taught to brush after eating and limit intake of refined sugar

3. parental supervision may be needed

4. regular dental check ups are required

oral care for preschoolers and school-age children

1. proper diet and tooth and mouth care should be evaluated and reinforced

2. brush teeth thoroughly after meals and at bedtime

3. floss the teeth daily

4. ensure an adequate intake of nutrients

5. avoid sweet foods and drinks between meals

6. eat coarse, fibrous fruit sleepy

7. have topical fluoride applications as prescribed by the dentist

8. have a check up by a dentist every 6 months

oral care for adolescents and adults

1. Are at risk for dental cavities and periodontal diseases

2. older adults who have self-care deficits are at an increased risk because they cannot maintain their oral hygiene practices or may not be able to visit the dentist on a routine basis

oral care for older adults

1. ill-fitting dentures or other oral prostheses can cause discomfort and chewing difficulties

2. they may contribute to oral problems as well as poor nutrition and enjoyment of food

3. those who do not wear their prostheses are prone to shrinkage of the gums

4. dentures or other oral prostheses need to be cleaned regularly at least once a day

5. they can be removed, scrubbed with toothbrush, rinsed and reinserted

6. some use a dentifrice for cleaning teet

caring for artificial dentures:

1. for client who is debilitated or unconscious or who has excessive dryness, sores, or irritations of the mouth, it may be necessary to clean the oral mucosa and tongue.

2. depending on the health of the client’s mouth, special care may be needed every 2 to 8 hours.

oral care for clients with special oral hygiene needs

hair

often reflects a person’s feelings of self-concept and sociocultural wellbeing

1. nursing history

2. physical assessment

(hair)

• assessing client’s hair, hair care practices, and potential problems includes:

nurse elicits data about usual hair care, self-care abilities, history of hair or scalp problems, and conditions known to affect the hair

(hair)

• nursing history:

1. dandruff

2. hair loss

3. ticks

4. pediculosis

5. scabies

6. hirsutism

(hair)

• physical assessment: problems include…

1. self-care deficit

2. grooming

3. impaired skin-integrity

4. risk for infection

5. disturbed body image

(hair)

• nursing diagnoses related to hair hygiene and hair and scalp problems include:

set outcomes for each nursing diagnosis.

(hair)

• in planning care, the nurse, client, and/or family..

1. hair needs to be brushed or combed and washed, as needed, to keep it clean.

2. nurses may need to provide hair care for clients who cannot meet their own self-care needs.

(hair)

• implementing:

daily

hair needs to be brushed..

1. stimulates circulation of blood

2. distributes oil

3. helps arrange the hair

3 major functions of brushing:

1. brush with stiff bristles

2. comb with dull, even teeth

3. braiding prevents tangling and matting for clients confined to bed

(hair)

• brushing and combing hair:

as often as needed to keep it clean.

hair should be washed:

head bath

(hair)

• commercial product called _______, specially designed shower cap placed over the hair. it contains shampoo and conditioner.

shampoo basins or pail or large washbasins

(hair)

• used to catch the water.

• the receptacle should be large enough

40.5 C (105 F)

(hair)

• temperature of the water used for shampoo should be..

1. the most important is to keep them clean

2. beard or mustache should not be shaved off without the client’s consent

3. if a client is taking an anticoagulant, electric shaver should be used

(hair)

• beard and mustache care:

1. perform hair grooming with assistance

2. exhibit clean, well-groomed, resilient hair with a healthy sheen

3. reduce or get rid of scalp lesions or infestations

4. describe factors, interventions, and preventive measures

(hair)

• evaluating:

1. basic furniture

2. bed units

3. three types of equipment often installed in an acute care facility:

   • suction outlet,

   • oxygen outlet,

   • sphygmomanometer

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• in a hospital room, there’s:

20°C and 23°C (68°F and 74°F)

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• room temperature:

the air coming and out of the patient is clean and as well as ventilated

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• ventilation:

the noise should not disturb the patients.

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• noise:

3

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• The frame of a hospital bed is divided into ____ sections. this permits the head and the foot to be elevated separately.

hospital beds

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• They are usually 66 cm (26 in.) high and 0.9 m (3 ft) wide, narrower than the usual bed.

• Length is usually 1.9m (6.5 ft.)

mattresses

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• they are usually covered with a water-repellent material that resists soiling and can be cleaned easily.

side rails or safety sides

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• are used on both hospital beds and stretchers

• a bed can have two full-length side rails or four half- or quarter-length (also called split rails) side rails.

footboard or footboot

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• are used to support the immobilized client’s foot in a normal right angle to the legs to prevent plantar flexion contractures

bed cradle

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• is a device designed to keep the top bedclothes off the feet, legs, and even abdomen of a client

intravenous rods

(supporting a hygienic environment)

• also called poles, stands, standards

• made of metal, support IV infusion containers while fluid is being administered to a client

bed-making or making bed

this is done after the client receives hygienic care and when beds are unoccupied, or occupied bed, or prepare a bed for a client who is having surgery

open or closed

(making bed)

• unoccupied bed may be:

open bed

(unoccupied bed)

• top covers are folded back

closed bed

(unoccupied bed)

• top sheet, blanket, and bedspread are drawn up to the top of the bed and under the pillow

1. beds are often changed after bed baths

2. the linen can be collected before the bath

3. the linen is not usually changed unless it is soiled

4. unfitted sheets, blankets, and bedspreads are mitered at the corners of the bed

making beds:

secure the bedclothes while the bed is occupied

(making bed)

• purpose of mitering is to..

1. maintain the client in good body alignment

2. move the client gently and smoothly

3. explain what you plan to do throughout the procedure before you do it

4. use the bed-making time to assess and meet the client’s needs

(making bed)

• changing an occupied bed:

horray!!

hep hep?