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What is meiosis? How many phases are in meiosis? List the phases of meiosis & draw a picture of each phase.

Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that makes gametes like sperm and eggs. It reduces the chromosome number by half making genetically different haploid cells. There are 8 phases in meiosis

Describe independent assortment and how it increases genetic diversity.

The random alignment and separation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis. It increases genetic diversity by making different combos in gametes

Explain what crossing-over is and how it can create new allele combinations.

Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I. This makes new allele combos, increasing genetic variation.

What does the term haploid mean? What does the term diploid mean? How many chromosomes do humans have total? How many come from the mother? How many come from the father?**

Haploid refers to a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n), while diploid refers to a cell that has two sets of chromosomes (2n). In humans, there are a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 inherited from the mother and 23 from the father.

During which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur? Name the visible structure where homologous chromosomes are joined during crossing-over. Why is crossing-over important for organisms?

Occurs during prophase I, the visible structure is chiasma, and the importance of crossing over increases genetic variation, which improves survival and adaptation of population.

6. What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids are identical copies and are joined at the centromere, while homologous chromosomes are the same genes and get one from each parent.

Explain incomplete dominance

When the Heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the alleles

Define codominance and give a real-world example involving human blood types.

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed with neither masking the other. Example: In the ABO blood group, a person with IAIB has type AB blood. Both A and B antigens are in red blood cells.

Describe how sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance differs from autosomal inheritance.

Sex linked inheritance has genes that are on the X chromosome so traits are often expressed more in males due to their one X chromosome. Autosomal inheritance has genes on the non-sex chromosomes and affects both genders.

List the phases in Meiosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis