British Columbia - Chapter 9 - GEOG 1120

Flashcards covering the history, geography, economy, and legal cases of British Columbia based on GEOG 1120 Chapter 9.

What were the three main reasons British Columbia joined Confederation in $1871$?

BC was in debt; its economy was declining and joining Canada promised a railway; and there was fear of a United States takeover.

What physical process causes high precipitation on the windward side of British Columbia's mountains?

Orographic uplift, where moist air is forced upward over mountains, cools, and produces precipitation.

What are the two major mountain ranges identified in British Columbia?

The Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains.

What type of air masses give coastal British Columbia mild winters and warm summers?

Maritime air masses.

Why is British Columbia's interior plateau cooler and more desert-like than the coast?

It is farther from the ocean and is influenced by latitude, mountain geography, and a combination of microclimates.

What are two major environmental problems caused by logging and clear-cutting in British Columbia?

Destruction or degradation of wildlife habitat, and damage to land and water bodies, including salmon-spawning streams.

What insect caused major damage to British Columbia's lodgepole pine forests?

The mountain pine beetle.

What major $2014$ decision confirmed Aboriginal title for the Tsilhqot'in Nation?

The Tsilhqot'in decision of $2014$.

What are the six stages of treaty negotiation, in order?

($1$) Statement of Intent; ($2$) Readiness to Negotiate; ($3$) Negotiation of a Framework Agreement; ($4$) Negotiation of an Agreement in Principle; ($5$) Negotiation to Finalize a Treaty; ($6$) Implementation of a Treaty.

Which First Nation ratified a treaty in $1999$?

The Nisga'a Nation.

Which First Nation did not ratify its treaty in $2006$?

The Lheidli T'enneh First Nation.

What treaty, signed in $1899$, helped clear the way for resource extraction in northeastern British Columbia?

Treaty No. $8$.

Which court case involved the Nisga'a and helped advance recognition of Aboriginal title?

The Calder Case.

Which court case involved the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en peoples?

The Delgamuukw Case.

Which court case involved the Musqueam?

The Sparrow Case.

Which company established forts in British Columbia and later joined the Hudson's Bay Company in $1821$?

The North West Company.

What were the two main animals that drove British Columbia's early fur trade?

Sea otters and beavers.

What major event brought approximately $20,000$ Americans and other immigrants into British Columbia?

The Fraser River Gold Rush.

What road was built to support the Gold Rush and connect travellers to Barkerville?

The Cariboo Road.

What treaty established the $49th$ parallel as the boundary between British and American territory in $1846$?

The Oregon Treaty of $1846$.

Approximately what percentage of Canada's population and GDP does British Columbia represent?

About $13\%$ of Canada's population and $13\%$ of Canada's GDP.

Where is most of British Columbia's population concentrated?

In the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver Island.

What percentage of British Columbia's population identifies as immigrants?

About $29\%$.

How many First Nations groups are identified in British Columbia?

$203$ First Nations groups.

Approximately what percentage of British Columbia's population is Indigenous?

About $5.4\%$.

What major ocean-region location is pivotal to British Columbia's growth?

Its location on the Pacific Rim.

British Columbia's trade is increasingly shifting away from the United States toward what broader region?

Asia and the Pacific Rim.

What two things is British Columbia highly dependent upon for population growth and economic activity?

Immigration and the housing market.

What sector's growth illustrates British Columbia's increasing diversity?

The tourism sector.

Name two major social or economic issues facing British Columbia listed in the chapter.

Poverty and the declining forestry sector. Resource development is another issue listed.

What percentage of British Columbia's trade is with the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea combined?

About $80\%$.

What are British Columbia's major exports listed in the chapter?

Coal, natural gas, and lumber.

Why does the chapter describe British Columbia as having a small manufacturing core?

Because too many resources are exported in unprocessed form instead of being processed into finished products within the province.

Which sector is the largest part of British Columbia's economy: primary, secondary, or tertiary?

The tertiary sector.

Name two industries included in British Columbia's growing tertiary sector.

Any two of: filmmaking, high-tech, tourism, and education.

What nickname is used for British Columbia's film industry?

Hollywood North.

Approximately how many direct and indirect jobs does British Columbia's film industry support?

More than $60,000$ jobs.

How much did British Columbia's film industry generate in $2022$?

$4.9\text{ billion}$.

Name three climate-change impacts on British Columbia listed in the slides.

Any three of: increased temperatures, heat domes, flooding, glacier loss, drought, forest fires, poorer air quality, agricultural impacts, and water shortages.

Which two rivers were central to Premier W.A.C. Bennett's Two Rivers Policy?

The Peace River and the Columbia River.

What current major hydroelectric project is identified in the slides?

Site C.

What extraction method is used to access British Columbia's natural gas reserves?

Fracking, also described as horizontal drilling.

In which region are British Columbia's major natural gas reserves located?

The Peace River Region, within the Western Sedimentary Basin.

What controversial pipeline carries natural gas toward Kitimat?

The Coastal GasLink pipeline.

After natural gas reaches port facilities, what happens before it is shipped to Southeast Asian markets, and how much revenue does BC hope to receive over $40$ years?

The gas is liquefied at port facilities and shipped by sea. BC hopes for approximately $\$23\text{ billion}$ over $40$ years in royalties or revenue.